TISSA. leam that it was besieged without success by the leaders of the Italian forces during the Social War. (Uiod. xxxvii. Exc. Phot. p. 240.) On both occa- sions it appears as a strong fortress, situated appa- rently in the neighbourhood of Riiegium; but no other mention is found of the city, which is not no- ticed by any of the geographers, and must prohaldy liave ceased to exist, like so many of the smaller towns of Bruttiuni. The name is, however, found in Stephanus of Byzantium, who confirms the correct- ness of the form Ti^ia, found in Appian. (Steph. B. s. V.) Its .site is wlKjlly uncertain. [E. H. B.] TISSA (TiVira, Ptol.; Tiaffai, Steph. B.: Eih. Titraoios, Ti.ssiensis, Cic, Tissinensis, Plin.), a town in the interior of Sicily, repeatedly mentioned by an- cient authors, but without any clue to its position. As its name is cited from Philistus by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.), it must have existed a.s a Siculian town from an early period, but its name is not found in history. Under the Romans it continued to sub- sist as a municipal town, though a very small place. Cicero calls it " perparva et tenuis civitas," and Silius Italicus also terms it " parvo nomine Tisse." (Cic. Verr. iii. 38 ; Sil. Ital. xiv. 267.) It is again noticed by Pliny and Ptolemy among the towns of the interior of Sicily, but all trace of it is sub.se- quently lost. Tiie only clue to its site is derived from Ptolemy, who places it in the neighbourhood of Aetna. It has been fixed by Cluverius and others on the site of the modern town of Randazzo, at the northern foot of Aetna, but this is a mere conjecture. (Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 12; Cluver. SicU. }i. 308.) [E. il. B.] TITACIDAE. [Attica, p. 330, a.] TITANE (Titoi/t;, Pans. ; Tirava, Steph. B. s. V. : Eth. Tnauioi), a place in the Sicyonia, upon the left bank of the Asojms, distant 60 stadia from Sicyon, and 40 from Phlius. It was situated upon the summit of a hill, where Titan, the brother of the Sun, is said to have dwelt, and to liave given his name to the spot. It was celebrated for a temple of Asclepius, reported to have been built by Alex- ander, the son of Maehaon, the son of Asclepius. This temple .still existed in the time of Pausanias, in the middle of a grove of cypress trees, in which the servants of the god attended to the patients who came thither for the recovery of their health. Within the teiii])le stood statues of Asclepius and Hygieia, and of the heroes Alexanor and Euamerion. There was also a temple of Athena at Titane, situ- ated upoi! a hill, and contiining an ancient wooden .statue of the goddess. In descending from the hill there was an altar of the Winds. (Pans. ii. 1 1. §§ 5—8, ii. 12. § 1, ii. 27. § 1.) Stejihanus B. (.9. v.) refers the Tiravoio t6 K^vko. Ka.py)va. of Homer (//. ii. 73.'5) to Titane, but those words in- dicate a mountain in Thessaly. [Vol. I. p. 248, b.] The ruins of Titane were first discovered by Koss. Leake heard that there were some ancient foun- dations on the summit of the hill above Liopcui, which he supposed to be the remains of the temple of Asclepius at Titane ; but although Hellenic remains exist at this site, there can be no donlit that Titane is represented by the more imjiortant J'niedka.itron situated further S., and a few minutes N. of the village of Voitwnda. This Pahokiistron stinds upon a projecting spur of the mountains which run eastward towards the Aso])us, and ter- minate just above the river in a small hill, which is surrounded by beautiful Hellciuc walls, rising to the height of 20 or 30 ft. ou the S. and SW. side, TLOS. i-2n and flanked by three or four quadrangular tower.s. On this hill there stands a chapel of St. Trvphon, containing fragments of Doric columns. Tliis was evidently the acropolis of the ancient city, and here stood the temple of Athena mentioned by Pausanias. The other parts of this projecting ridge are covered with ancient foundations ; and uixjn this pitrt of the mountain the temple of Asclepius must have stood. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 354, seq. ; U.xss, ReLien im Peloponnes, p. 49, seq.; Curtius, Pe?oyjo«n&.vw, vol. ii. p. 500, seq.) PLAN OF TITANIC. A. Village of rononrfd. 1. Acrojiolis of I'itane. 2. Tejiiple of Asclepius and surrounding liuildlngs. TI'TANUS. [AsTEItlL'M.l TITAKE'SIUS. [Thessaua, p. 1 106, a.] TITAKUS. [Thk.ssaua, p. 1166, a.J TITHOWEA. [Nf;oN.] TITHKO'NIUM (Tiepd>viov : Eth. TiOpaivievs). a frontier town of Phocis, on the side of Doris. Livy, who calls it Tritonon, describes it as a towji of Doris (xxviii. 7), but all other writers place it in Phocis. It was destroyed by the army of Xerxes togelher with the other Phocian towns. It is placed by Pau- sanias in the plain at the distance of 15 stadia from Amphicleia. The site of Tithronium is ]]rolial)ly in- dicated by some ruins at Midkl below Vnrzand, where a torrent unites with the Cephissus. (llerod. viii. 33; Pans. x. 3. § 2, x. 33. §11; Steph. B. s. v. Leake, Northern Greece, toI. ii. j). 87.) TITTHIUM. [Ei'iDAUHUs, p. 841, a.] TTTULCIA, a town of the Carpetaui in llis- pania Tarraconensis, on the road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta (/<m. Ant. pp. 43(), 438, iVc.) It seems to be the same town called Tnovaic'ia by Ptolemy (ii. 6. § 57). Variously placed near Tor- rejoti, at Gclafe, and at Bayona. [ T. II. D.J TITYliUS (T'nvpos, Slrab. .. p. 479), a moun- tain in the NW. jiart of Crete, not far from (Jydonia. Upon it was the .sanctuary or temple called Die tymiaeum. (Stral). ih.) One of its spurs formeii the headland also called Tityrus (Jilndiitsm. ]i. 302) or Psacum. (Ca/ic- S/jada.) [T. II. D.] TIUS or TIUM (Tios or Tlov. /•.•//(. Tiaros), a town on the coast of Bithyniu, or, according to otiiei-s, belonging to Pajiblagonia. It was a (Jreek t< wn situated at the mouth of the river l'>illa<'us, and seems to have bebnigcd to I'aphlagonia unlil PrusiiLs annexed it to Bitliynia. (Menmon, 17 — 19; Pomp. Mela, i. 19; Marcian, p. 70; Arrian, I'crijil. J'. E. p. 14; Anon. Pcrtpl. P. E. p. 2.) In Strabo's (xii. pp. 542, 543, 565) time, Tiis was only a small jilace but remarkable- as the birlhiiiace ol i'hiji-t.'ie- rus, the fomder of the royal d}ii;isi_v of Pergiimum. (Conqi. Plin. vi. 1.) There are coins of Tins us late as the reign of (lallieims, on «bicb tin' ethnic nume appe.irs as Tiavoi, Tfim, and Ttiavm. (S'.slini, p. 71; Eckhel, ii. p. 438.) [L. S.] TLOS (TAu's or TA(o?), an ancient and inijiortant
