182 LIBYCUS NOMOS. the W., to the S. shores of Crete, and the frontier of Ejypt, on the E., where it joined the Mare Aegyptiuni: the two Syrtes belonged to it. (Strab. ii. pp. 122, 123, X. pp. 475, 488 ; A-athem. i. 3, ii. 14; Dion. Per. 104; Mela, i. 4, ii. 7; Plin. v. 1; Florus, iii. 6. § 10.) [P. S.] Ll'BYCUS NO'MOS. [Marmarica.] LIBYPHOENI'CES (AiSvcpoiviKts, sometimes spelt AiSocpoiviKes). a portion of the population of N. Africa, who are defined by Livy, in accordance with the sisnification of their name, as " mixtum Punicum A fris genus" (Liv. ssi. 22). Diodorus gives a somewhat fuller account of them, as one of the four races who inhabited the Carthaginian terri- tory in N. Africa, namely, the Punic inhabitants of Cartilage, the Libyphoenicians, the Libyans, and the Numidians; ami he says that the Libyphoe- nicians possessed many of the cities on the sea- shore, and had the tie of intermarriage with the Carthaginians (Diod. xx. 55). Pliny restricts them to the S. part of the ancient territory of Carthage. (Plin. V. 4. s. 3 ; LibypJwenices vocaniur qui By- zacium incolunt) ; and there can be no doubt, from the nature of the case, that the original seat of the race was in the country around Carthage. It is not, however, equally clear whether the Libyphoe- nicians of the Carthaginian colonies along the coast of Africa are to be regarded as a race arising out of the intermarriage of the original Punic settlers with the natives of the surrounding country, or as the de.scendants of Libyphoenicians from the country round Carthage, who had been sent out as colonists. The latter is the more probable, both from indications ■which we find in the ancient writers, and from the well-known fact that, in all such cases, it is the half-breed which multiplies rapidly, so as to make it a matter of importance for the members of the pure and dominant caste to find a vent for the in- creasing numbers of the race below them. That such was the policy of Caithage with regard to the Libyphoenicians, and moreover that they were marked by the energy and success which usually distinguishes such half-bred races, we have some interesting proofs. The defence of Agrigentum against the Romans, during the Second Punic War, was signalised by the skill and energy of Mutines, a Libyphoenician of Hipponium, whom Livy de- scribes as " vir imjjiger, et sub Ilannihale magistro omnes belli artes edoclus" (Liv. xxv. 40). The mention of his native place, Hipponium, on the Bruttian coast, a city which had been for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians, is a proof of the tendency to make use of the race in their foreign settlements; while the advantage taken by Hannibal of his talents agrees with the fact that he employed Libyphoeidcian cavalry in his armies. (Polyb. iii. 33 ; Liv. xxi. 22.) Niebuhr has traced the pre- sence of Libyphoenicians in the Punic settlements in Sardinia, and their further mixture with the Sardinians, as attested by Cicero in an interesting fragment of his speech for Scaurus. (^Lectures on Anc. Geog. vol. ii. p. 275.) Avienus mentions the " wild Libyphoenicians " on the S. coast of Spain, E. of Calpe. (0;-. i/ar. 419.) Perhaps the half- bred races of the Spanish colonies in America furnish the closest analogy that can be foimd to the Liby- phoenician subjects of Carthage. [P. S.] LIBYSSA (Ai§u(ro-a or M§iffcra, Ptol. v. 1. § 13: Elh. Ai§vaaa7os^, a town on the north coast of the Siims Atacenus in Bithynia, on the road from Ni- caea to Chalcedon. It was celebrated in antiquity LIGER. as the place containing the tomb of the great Han. nibal. (Pint. Flam. 20 ; Steph. B. s. i). ; Plin. //.iV. V. 43 : Amm. Marc. xxii. 9 ; Eutrop. iv. 1 1 ; Itin. Ant. p. 139 ; Itin. Hier. p. 572.) In Pliny's time the town no longer existed, but the spot was noticed only because of the tumulus of Hannibal. Accord- ing to Appian {Syr. 11), who evidently did not know the town of Libyssa, a river of Phrygia was called Libyssus, and he states that from it the sur- rounding country received the name of Libyssa. The slight resemblance between the name Libyssa and the modern Ghebse has led some geograpiiers to regard the latter as the site of the ancient town ; but Leake (^Asia Minor, p. 9), from an accurate computation of distances, has shown that the modern Maldysem is much more likely to be the site of Libyssa. [L. S.] LICATII, or LICATTII (Ai/coTioi, or Aikottici), a tribe of the Vindelici, dwelling on the banks of the river Licias or Licus, from which they derived their name. (Ptoh ii. 13. § 1.) Strabo (iv. p. 206) mentions them among the most audacious of the Vindelician tribes. Pliny (iii. 24), who calls them Licates, enumerates them among the Alpine tribes subdued by Augustus. [L. S.] LI'C HADES (oi AixaSes), a group of three small islands between the promontory of Cenaeum in Euboea and that of Cnemides in Locris. They are said to have derived their name from Lichas, who was here thrown into the sea by Hercules, when he was suffering from the poisoned garment. (Strab. i. p. 60, ix. p. 426; Plin. iv. 12. s. 20; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 177.) LICIAS, LICUS (AiKi'as : Lech), a small river in Vindelicia. (Ptol. ii. 12. § 2, 13. § 1 ; Yen. Fort. Vit. S. Mart. iv. 641.) It assumed the modern form of its name as early as the time of the Lom- bards (Paul. Diac. Longob. ii. 13.) Its only tribu- tary of any note was the Virdo or Vindo. It has its sources in the Alps, and, flowing in a northern direc- tion, empties itself into the Danube, not far from Drusomagus. [L.S.] LICINIA'NA. [LusiTANiA.] LIDE (AiStj), a mountain in Caria, in the neigh- bourhood of Pedasus. In the war of Cyrus against the Carians, the Pedasaeans alone of all the Carians maintained themselves against Harpalus, the Persian commander, by fortifying themselves on Mount Lide ; but in the end they were also reduced. (Herod, i. 175, viii. 104.) [L. S.] LIGAUNI, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, men- tioned by Pliny (iii. 4) : " Regie Oxubiorum Ligau- norumque : super quos Suetri, &c."' The next Ke- gio to the east that he mentions is " Regio Deci- atium." If we can make a safe conclusion from Pliny's text, the Ligauni must have been close to the Oxybii, with the Deciates to the east, and some- where between the Argenteus river and Antipolis. Walckenaer {Geog. ^-c. vol. ii. p. 42) places the Ligauni in the parts about Saint-Vallier, Callian, and Fayen. [G. L.] LIGER, LIGERIS {Ailyrip, Aiyelp : Loire), a river of Gallia, which has the largest basin of all the French rivers. The orthography seems to be Liger or Aiiyrip (Caes. iii. 9, ed. Schneider), though the Romans made both syllables short. In Caesar (vii. 55), the nominative " Liger " occurs, and the genitive '• Ligeris." In B. G. vii. 5, 11, the accusative " Li- gerem," or according to some editions " Ligerim "' occurs ; and " Ligerim," if it is right, must have a nonunative " Ligeris."' The forms " Ligere," " Li-
