TOGESA, But it is not dlfBcnlt to answer some of Ibe objec- tions made to Caesar's narrative of this fight. Koesch has answered the criticism of General Warn- ery, who, lil^e many other of Caesar's critics, began his work by misunderstanding the author. (Roesch, Commentar iiber die Comvientan-ien, (fc. p. 220, Halle, 1783.) After this escape Galba prudently withdrew his troops, and marching through the country of the Nantuates reached the land of the Allobroges, where he wintered. The position of Octodurus is determined by Caesar's narrative and by the Antonine Itin. and the Table. Pliny (iii. c. 20) says that the Octo- durenses received the Latinitas (Latio donati). In the Notit. Prov. the place is called " Civitas Val- lensium Octodurus." The modern names Wallis and Valais are formed from the word Vallenses. At a later period it was called Forum Claudii Vallen- sium Octodurensium, as an inscription shows. One authority speaks of the remains of a Roman aque- duct at Martigny. Many coins, and other memo- rials of the Roman time, have been found about the place. The name Octodur is manifestly Celtic. The second part of the name is Dur, " water." The first part, probably some corrupt form, is not explained. The distances on the Roman road from Augusta Praetoria {Aosta) in Italy to Octodurus are stated in Vol. I. p. 110. [G. L.] OCTOGESA, a town of the Ilergetes, in His- pania Tarraconensis, seated on the river Iberus (Caes. B. C. i. 61). It is identified by some with Mequinenza; but Ukert (vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 452) seeks it to the S. of the Sicoris (or Segre), in the neigh- bourhood of La Granja. [T. H. D.] OCTOLOPHUS. 1. A place belonging to the Lyncestae, in Macedonia, to which the consul Sid- picius moved his camp in the campaign of b. c. 200, against king Philip. (Liv. x-xxi. 36; comp. Cas- TRA, Vol. I. p. 502, a.) 2. A place in Perrhaebia, from which Perseus had retired, and which was afterwards occupied by the consul Q. Marcius Philippus, in his daring march over the mountain ridge of Olympus, b. c. 169. (Liv. xliv. 3.) It was pnjbably near the issue of the Titaresius or Elassonitiko, from Mt. Olympus into the valley of Elassona. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 308, 310, 417.) [E. B. J.] ODKSSUS ('OStjo-o-os, Strab. vii. p. 319; Scymn. 748; Diod. xi.. 73, xx. 112; Appian. Ill 30; Ar- rian, Per. p. 24; Anon. Per. p. 13; Ptol. iii. 10. § 8, viii. 11. § 6; Steph. B. s.v.; Mela, ii. 2. § 5; Phn. iv. 18; Ovid, Trist. i. 9. 37: the reading 'GSTjirdTroAis, Scyl. p. 29, is simply a corruption for '05rj<T(5s 7r(jAi$, for the name was written both with the single and the double cr; the latter form occurs on the autonomous coins, the former on those of the Empire: 'OSyuaJs, Hierocl. ; Procop. de Aed. iv. 1 1 ; Odissos, Amm. Marc. xxii. 8. § 43), a town on the W. coast of the Euxine, at the mouth of the river Panysus, 24 M. P. {Anton. Itin.), or 34 jAI. P. {Petit. Tab.), from Dionysopolis, and 360 stadia from the E. termination of Haemus {Eniineh Burnu). Oilessus was founded by the Jlilesians (Strab. I. c ; Plin. I. c), if credit may be given to the author of the poem which goes under the name of Scymnus (/. c), as earlv as the reign of Astva^es, or b. c. 594—560. (Clinton, F.IL- Raoul-Rochette, Col. Gr. vol. iii. p. 786.) From the inscriptions in Bockh {Inscr. Nos. 2056, a, b, c), it would seem to have been under a democratic form of government, ODRYSAE. 463 and to have presided over the union of five Greek cities on this coast, consisting of Odessus, Tomi, Callatis, Mesambria, and Apollonia When the Bulgarians swept over the Danubian provinces in A. D. 679 they are found occupying Varna (Bopra, Theophan. p. 298; Niceph. p. 23; Cedren. vol. i. p. 440), which is described as being near Odessus. (St. JIartin, ap. Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. xi. p. 447; Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. ii. p. 217.) The autonomous coins of Odessus exhibit " types " refer- ring to the worship of Serapis. the god imported by Ptolemy into Alexandreia, from the shores of Pontus. The series of imperial coins ranges from Trajan to Salonina, the wife of Gallienus. (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 36; Rasche, vol. iii. pt. 2. p. 51 ; Mionnet, Descr. des Med. vol. i. p. 395, Suppl. vol. ii. p. 350.) [E.B.J.] COIN OF ODESSUS. ODOMANTI (OUjxavToi, Herod, vii. 112; Thuc. ii. 101, V. 6; Steph. B. s. v. Odomantes, Plin. iv. 18), a Paeonian tribe, who occupied the district, called after them, Odomantice (^O^ofiav- TiKT], Ptol. iii. 13. § 31; Liv. xliv. 4; 'OZufj-avrU, Steph. B.) This tribe were settled upon the whole of the great mountain Orbelus, extending along the NE. of the lower Strymonic plain, from about Mele- niko and Demirissdr to Zikhna inclusive, where they bordered on Pangaeus, the gold and silver mines of which they worked with the Pieres and Satrae. (Herod. I. c.) Secure in their inacces- sible position, they defied Megabazus. (Herod, v. 16.) The NW. portion of their territory lay to the right of Sitalces as he crossed Mt. Cercine; and their general situ:ition agrees with the description of Thucydides (ii. 101), according to whom they dwelt beyond the Strymon to the N., that is to say, to the N. of the Lower Strymon, where, alone, the river takes such a course to the E. as to justify the expres- sion. Clcon invited Polles, their chieftain, to join him with as many Thracian mercenaries as could be levied. (Thuc. v. 6; Aristoph. Acharn. 156, 164; Suid. s. V. anoreeplaKfU; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 210, 306, 465.) [E. B. J.] ODOMANTIS. rSoPHKNK-] O'DRYSAE ('OSpi/o-ai), a people seated on both banks of the Artiscus, a river of Thrace, which discharges itself into the Hebrus. (Herod, iv. 92.) Their territory, however, must undoubtedly have extended considerably to the W. of the Artiscus ; since Pliny (iv. 18) informs us that the Ilebrus had its source in their country ; a fact that is cor- roborated by Ammianus JIarcelliiius (xxvii. 4, 10). They appear to have belonged to that northern swarm of barbarians which invaded Thrace after the Trojan War ; :ind iheir names are often found interwoven in the ancient myths. Thus the Thra- cian singer Thamyris is said to have been an Odrysian" (Paus. iv. 33. § 4) ; and Orpheus is represented as their king. (Conon, ap. Phot. p. 140.) , ^^ A rude and barbarous peoj)le like the Odrysians
