PISAE. composite capitals, probably belonging to the ves- tibule of a temple of the age of the Antonines, now embedded in the wall of the ruined church of S. Felice." (Dennis, Etriiria, vol. ii. p. 89.) But numerous sarcophagi of Roman date, some of them of very superior workmanship, and some fragments of statues are preserved in the Campo Santo, as well as numerous inscriptions, of which the most in- teresting are those already alluded to, recording the honours paid by the colony to the deceased grand- sons of Augustus. These have been published with a learned and elaborate commentary by Cardinal Noris {Cenotaphia Pisana, fol. Venet. 1681); as ■well as by Gori (^Inscript. Etruriae, vol. ii. p. 10, &c.), and more recently by Haubold (^Monumenta Legalia, p. 179) and Orelli (I. c). The Maritime Itinerary mentions the PoRTUs PiSANUS as distinct from Pisae itself, from which it was no less than 9 miles distant. (^Itin. Marit. p. 501.) Rutilius also describes the port of Pisae, which was in his day still much frequented and the scene of an active commerce, as at some distance from the city itself. (Rutil. Itin. i. 531—540, 558 — 565, ii. 12.) But the exact site has been a sub- ject of much controversy. Cluverius and other writers placed it at the month of the Arno, while Mannert and Mr. Dennis would transfer it to the now celebrated port of Leghorn or Livorno. But this latter port is distant 10 miles from the mouth of the Arno, and 14 from Pisa, which does not agree with the distance given in the Maritime Itine- rary; while the mouth of the Arno is too near Pisa, and it is unlikely that the entrance of the river could ever have been available as a harbour. Ru- tilius also describes the port (without any mention of the river) as formed only by a n.atural bank of sea-weed, which afforded shelter to the vessels that rode at anchor within it. Much the most probable view is that advocated by a local writer (Targioni Tozzetti), that the ancient Portus Pisanus was situated at a point between the mouth of the Arno and Leghorn, but considerably nearer the latter city, near an old church of St. Stefano. The distance of this spot agrees with that of the Itine- rary, and it is certain from mediaeval documents that the Porto Pisano, which in the middle ages served as the port of Pisa, when it was a great and powerful republic, was situated somewhere in this neighbourhood. (Targioni Tozzetti, Viaggi in Toscana, vol. ii. pp. 225—240, 378—420; Zumpt, ad Rutil. i. 527.) Roman remains have also been found on the spot, and some ruins, which may very well be those of the villa called Triturrita, described by Rutilius as adjoining the port, designated in the Tabula as Turrita. (Rutil. Itin. i. 527 ; Tab. Pent.) There is every probability that the Porto Pisano of the middle ages occupied the same site with the Roman Portus Pisanus, which is mentioned by P. Diaconus as still in use under the Lombard kings, and again by a Prankish chronicler in the days of Charlemagne (P. Diac. Hist. Lang. vi. 61 ; Amoin. Rer. Franc, iv. 9) ; and there is no doubt that the mediaeval port was quite distinct from Livorno. The latter city, which is now oneof the most important trading places in Italy, was in the 13th century an obscure village, and did not rise to consideration till after the destruction of the Forto Pisano. But it seems probable that it was occasionally used even in ancient times, and is the Labro noticed by Cicero (^ad Q. Fr. ii. 6) as a seaport near Pisae. It has been supposed also to be already mentioned by Zosi- PISAURUM. 6"3 mus (v. 20) under the name of Libumuin; but there is really no authority for this, or for the names of Portus Liburni, and Portus Herculis Liburni employed by modern writers on ancient geography. The Antoriine Itineraiy, however, gives a station "Ad Herculem," which, as it is placed 12 miles from Pisae, could not have been far from Leghwn. {Itin. Ant. p. 293.) PUny alludes to the existence of warm springs in the territory of Pisae (ii. 103. s. 106). These are evidently the same now called the Bagni diS. Giuliano, situated about 4 miles from the city, at the foot of the detached group of Apennines, which divide the territory of Pisa from that of Lucca. [E. H. B.] PISA'NUS PORTUS. [Pisae.] PISA'TIS. [Pisa.] PISAVAE, in Gallia Narbonensis, is placed in the Table at the distance of sviii. from Aquae Sextiae {Aix), and on a road leading towards Glanum {St. Renii). The place is supposed to be in the district of Pelissane; and it has accordingly been conjec- tured that the name in the Table should be Pisanae. Roman remains have been dug up in the district of Pelissane near the chapel of St. Jean de Bernasse. There are traces of the old Roman road near Aix, and it is said that two Roman milestones are still there. (P' AnviWe, Notice, ^c; Statistique du Depart. des Bouches du Rhone, quoted by Ukert, Gallien, p. 436.) [G. L.] PISAURUM (UiffaOpov : Eth. Pisaurensis : Pe- saro a considerable town of Umbria, situated on the coast of the Adriatic, between Planum Fortunae {Fano) and Ariminum {Rimini}. It was on the hne of the Via Flaminia, 24 miles from Ariminum {Iti7i. Ant. p. 126), at the mouth of the small river Pisaurus, from -which it in all probability derived its name. (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19.) This is now- called the Foglia. The site of Pisaurum, together with all the adjoining country, had been originally included in the territory of the Galli Senones ; but we have no account of the existence of a Gaulish town of the name, and the first mention of Pisaurum in history is that of the foundation of a Roman colony there. This took place in B.C. 184, simul- taneously with that of Potentia in Picenum, so that the same triumvirs were charged with the settle- ment of both colonies. The settlers received 6 jugera each, and enjoyed the full rights of Roman citizens. (Liv. xxxix. 44 ; Veil. Pat. i. 15 ; M.advig, de Colon, pp. 253, 286.) A few years later we hear of the construction there of some public works, under the direction of the Roman censors (Liv. xli. 27) ; but with this exception, we hear little of the new colony. It seems, however, to have cer- tainly been a prosperous place, and one of the most considerable towns in this part of Italy. Hence, it was one of the places which Caesar hastened to occupy with his advanced cohorts as soon as he had passed the Rubicon, B.C. 49. (Caes. B. C. i. 11, 12 ; Cie. ad Fain. xvi. 12.) It is also repeatedly alluded to by Cicero as a flourishing town (Cic. pro Sest. 4, Phil. xiii. 12) ; hence it is impossible that the expression of Catullus, who calls it " moribunda sedes Pisauri" {Carm. 81. 3), can refer to the con- dition of the town itself. It would seem that its climate was reputed unhealthy, though this is not the case at the present day. Pisaurum received a fresh body of military colonists, which were settled there by ]L Antonius ; but suffered severely from an earthquake, which seems to have destroyed a great part of the town, just before the battle of
