India through Egypt, and thereby striking a death-blow at British supremacy in the East" : Napoleon, who was present, thereupon planned the conquest of Egypt : Langles' library was the richest private Oriental collection then in existence, containing the only exact and complete autograph copy of the Ain-i-Abkari : was a leading member of several Societies and Academies : died Jan. 28, 1824.
LANMAN, CHARLES ROCKWELL (1860–)
Born July 8, 1850, at Norwich, Connecticut : son of Peter Lanman : graduated at the Norwich Free Academy, 1867 : at Yale, 1871 : studied Sanskrit and linguistic science under Whitney till 1873 : Ph. D : to Germany, and studied at Berlin, Tubingen, and Leipzig : called to the John Hopkins University at Baltimore when it opened, 1876 : and to Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1880, as Professor of Sanskrit : Secretary of the American Philological Association, 1879–84 : President, 1889–90 : Corresponding Secretary of the American Oriental Society, 1884–94 : Vice-President, 1894–1905 : joint-editor of its Journal : travelled in India, 1888–9 : collected valuable books and MSS., Sanskrit and Prakrit, for Harvard University : Hony. Member, 1896, of the A.S.B : and, 1902, of the Royal Asiatic Society : Foreign Member, 1897, of the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences: lectured at the J. Hopkins University, 1897, on the Poetry of India, and in 1898 at Boston, on Indian Literature : LL.D. at Yale, 1902 : is editing, with the help of other scholars the Harvard Oriental Series, published by Harvard University, which has reached 20 volumes of important Sanskrit works such as the Jataka Mala, Buddhism, Karpiira Manjani, Bhrad-Devata, Atharva-Veda, a Vedic Concordance, Visuddhi-Magga, Panchatantra, Sakuntala, Brahmanas, and other works.
LANSDOWNE, HENRY CHARLES KEITH PETTY - FITZMAURICE, FIFTH MARQUESS OF (1845–)
Born Jan. 14, 1845 : succeeded his father, 1866 : Under Secretary for War, 1872–4 : for India, 1880 : Governor-General of Canada, 1883–8 : Viceroy and Governor-General of India, 1888–94 : his Viceroyalty was a period of peace, solid progress and internal development without ambitious projects : the Legislative Councils were reconstituted and its members were given the rights of financial discussion and of interpellation : an Act was passed to protect young girls up to 12 : also a revised Factory Act : and the law for preventing cruelty to animals was improved : the police were reorganized : an Imperial Library and Record Office were founded : the Presidential Army system was abolished : the Indian mints were closed to the free coinage of silver : the misrule in Manipur was dealt with, and punishment inflicted for the murder of British officers there : the policy of a "sphere of influence" on the frontiers was carried out : by a mission to Kabul, arrangements were made for the demarcation of the Afghan-British frontier : railways and irrigation works were greatly extended : Secretary for War, 1895–1900 : Foreign Secretary since 1900. K.G : P.C. : G.C.S.I. : G.C.I.E. : G.C.M.G. : D.C.L. Oxford : LL.D.
LASSEN, CHRISTIAN L (1800–1876)
A Norwegian: born at Bergen, Oct. 22, 1800 : son of Nicolai C. V. Lassen : educated at Bergen, Christiania, Heidelberg, 1822, and Bonn : with a Government pension went to London and Paris : with Burnouf, published at Paris, his Essai sur le Pali, 1826 : wrote on the Panjab, or Pentapotamia Indica, 1827 : edited the Hitopadesa, with Schlegel, 1829 : they founded the critical and historical school of Sanskrit philology in Germany : Lassen was appointed Professor of Sanskrit at Bonn : founded and edited, 1837–50, the periodical Zeitschrift fUr die Kunde des Morgenlandes : published in it his "Beitrage zur Kunde des Indischen Alterthums aus dem Mahabharata," which began the critical study of Indian epic poetry : known for his work on Prakrit Grammar and the decipherment of the Persian cunei form inscriptions, 1836, and 1845 : published, 1847–61, the Indische Alterthums-kunde, 4 vols., a laborious and learned classical work on Indian antiquities : he edited an Indian drama, a textbook of Sankhya philosophy, the Gitagovinda and Anthologia Sanskritica, 1838 : one of the greatest Sanskrit scholars : his work afforded solid foundations for future
