the king's warrant’ (Hist. of the Rebellion, v. 36–9). But in fact the objection was that throughout his whole career he had shown himself to the people as preferring the will of the king to the welfare of the nation or even his own honour. He remained attached to the king's service apparently with the nominal rank of lord high admiral, but without any fleet to command, or other functions than providing for the bringing over soldiers from Ireland, for which he was ordered an imprest of 40,000l. on 17 Feb. 1643–4. This appears to be the last official mention of him. He died at Muncaster in September 1646. He was unmarried, and by his will left legacies to his brother's sons and to divers cousins; among others, his ‘Great Heart diamond ring’ to his cousin William Pennington of Muncaster, who became ancestor of the earls of Muncaster [see Pennington, John, first Baron Muncaster].
[Calendars of State Papers, Domestic; Gardiner's Hist. of England (cab. edit.), and the references therein, see index; Penington's Journals in Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. pt. iv. pp. 275 et seq. (Lord Muncaster's MSS.)]
PENKETH, THOMAS (d. 1487), was a friar of the Augustinian house at Warrington, near which is the township of Penketh, probably his native place (Leland, Comment. de Script. Brit. p. 470, ed. 1709; Gandolfus, De Script. August. p. 340). Devoting himself to the study of theology and philosophy, Penketh attained to high distinction in both. Of the work of Duns Scotus he was commonly supposed in his time to have a unique knowledge (ib.) In 1469 he was made provincial of his order in England, and in 1473 taught theology at Oxford, of which university he was doctor of divinity (De Script. August. p. 341). Penketh's fame spread to Italy, and in 1474 he was called to Padua, where he held a salaried post as teacher of theology (ib.; Bale, Script. Brit. Cat. cent. viii. No. xlvii). While there, at the request of his pupils, he began to publish amended editions of the works of his master, Duns Scotus. Returning to England, Penketh resumed his work in Oxford in 1477, and was once more chosen provincial of his order (De Script. August. p. 341). In 1483, with Dr. Shaw [see under Shaw, Sir Edmund], he attached himself to Richard, duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III [q. v.], and preached in his favour against the children of Edward IV (Holinshed, Chronicles, iii. 386, ed. 1808). Penketh consequently fell into disgrace, and compromised his order. He died in London on 20 May 1487, and was buried in the house of the Austin friars there (De Script. August. p. 341).
His extant works are his editions of the writings of Duns Scotus, viz.:
- ‘Quodlibeta,’ Venice, 1474.
- ‘Quæstiones super secundo libro Sententiarum,’ Venice(?), 1474.
- ‘Super duodecem libros Metaphysice [of Aristotle] quæstiones … apud Andreæ (Antonii) “Dulciphus,”’ ed. Padua, 1475.
- ‘Quæstiones super quatuor libris Sententiarum,’ Venice, 1477; another edition, Nuremberg, 1481.
- ‘Quæstiones super libro primo Sententiarum,’ Venice, 1481.
Penketh is also said to have written various other works, which are not known to be extant or to have been printed.
[In addition to the authorities quoted in the text, see Pits's De Illustr. Angl. Script. pp. 675–6; Fabricius's Bibl. Lat. Med. æt. vi. 726; Chevalier, Répertoire, i. 1754; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 589; Stevens's Ancient Abbeys, ii. 220; Newcourt's Repert. Eccl. Lond. i. 289.]
PENKETHMAN, JOHN (fl. 1638), accountant, professed, in addition to his ordinary business, ‘to translate old manuscripts or bookes in any kind of Latin (according to the qualitie of the subject) into English, Prose or Verse.’ In 1638 he published ‘Artachthos; or a new booke declaring the Assise or Weight of Bread,’ &c., London, 1638, 4to.; another edition, London, 1748, 4to. A proclamation of 19 Nov. of that year conferred upon him the special privilege of printing and publishing this work for twenty-one years, ‘in recompense of his pains and expense,’ and ordered that the assize of bread should be observed in accordance with it. Different parts of the work were reprinted separately in 1638 and 1745. Penkethman also published:
- ‘A Handful of Honesty, or Cato in English Verse, &c. By J. P., Lover of Learning,’ London, 1623, 8vo.
- ‘The Epigrams of P. Virgilius Maro,’ 1624, 8vo.
- ‘Onomatophylacium; or the Christian Names of Men and Women, now used within this Realm of Great Britaine, alphabetically expressed, as well in Latine as in English,’ &c., London, 1626, 8vo.
- ‘Additions to Hopton's Concordancy. Conteyning Tables of the Gold Coynes now currant, with their due weights,’ &c., London, 1635, 8vo.
[Rymer's Fœdera, xx. 278; Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, ii. 151.]
PENLEY, AARON EDWIN (1807–1870), watercolour-painter, born in 1807, first appears as a contributor to the Royal Academy exhibition in 1835. He continued to exhibit at intervals till 1857, his contributions being chiefly portraits, though he was after-
