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early maturity has received full recognition. If the sole purpose for which an animal is reared is to prepare it for the block—and this is the case with steers amongst cattle and with wethers amongst sheep—the sooner it is ready for slaughter the less should be the outlay involved. During the whole time the animal is living the feeder has to pay what has been termed the “life tax”—that is, so much of the food has to go to the maintenance of the animal as a living organism, independently of that which may be undergoing conversion into what will subsequently be available in the form of beef or mutton. If a bullock can be rendered fit for the butcher at the age of two or three years, will the animal repay another year’s feeding? It has been proved at the Christmas fat stock shows that the older a bullock gets the less will he gain in weight per day as a result of the feeding. With regard to this point the work of the Smithfield Club deserves recognition. This body was instituted in 1798 as the Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society, the title being changed to that of the Smithfield Club in 1802.

Table XIX.—Digestible Matter in 1000 lb. of various Foods.

	Total  Organic  Matter.	Nitrogenous Substances.		Fat.	Soluble Carbo-  hydrates.	Fibre.
		Albu-  minoids.	Amides, etc.
Cotton cake (decorticated)	691	374	18	128	158	13
″(undecorticated)	422	150	13	50	177	32
Linseed cake	655	230	11	103	266	45
Beans	733	196	28	12	446	51
Wheat [1]	786	92	13	15	656	10
Oats	600	81	7	45	441	26
Barley	715	70	4	19	607	15
Maize	786	73	6	44	651	12
Rice meal	612	67	10	102	411	22
Wheat bran	585	90	20	27	426	22
Malt sprouts	681	114	71	11	379	106
Brewers’ grains	137	34	2	14	67	20
″ (dried)	529	136	8	57	266	62
Pasture grass	156	19	11	6	84	36
Clover (bloom beginning)	123	17	8	5	63	30
Clover hay (medium)	440	47	25	13	242	113
Meadow hay (best)	511	60	18	13	269	151
″ (medium)	485	40	12	12	269	152
″ (poor)	460	29	5	10	242	174
Maize silage	124	1	7	7	75	34
		$\scriptstyle {\underbrace {\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad } }$
Bean straw	412	40		6	211	155
Oat straw	381	7	5	7	163	199
Barley straw	426	4	3	6	211	202
		$\scriptstyle {\underbrace {\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad } }$
Wheat straw	351	4		4	150	193
Potatoes	213	5	9	1	195	3
Mangels (large)	89	1	8	1/2	74	6
″ (small)	109	2	6	1/2	96	5
Swedes	87	2	7	1	71	6
Turnips	68	1	5	1	56	5

The original object—the supply of the cattle markets of Smithfield and other places with the cheapest and best meat—is still kept strictly in view. The judges, in making their awards at the show held annually in December, at Islington, North London (since 1862), are instructed to decide according to quality of flesh, lightness of offal, age and early maturity, with no restrictions as to feeding, and thus to promote the primary aim of the club in encouraging the selection and breeding of the best and most useful animals for the production of meat, and testing their capabilities in respect of early maturity. At the first show, held at Smithfield in 1799, two classes were provided for cattle and two for sheep, the prizes offered amounting to £52 : 10s. In 1839 the classes comprised seven for cattle, six for sheep, and one for pigs, with prizes to the amount of £300. By 1862 the classes had risen to 29 for cattle, 17 for sheep and 4 for pigs, and the prize money to £2072. At the centenary show in 1898 provision was made for 40 classes for cattle, 29 for sheep, 18 for pigs, and 7 for animals to be slaughtered, whilst to mark the importance of the occasion the prizes offered amounted to close upon £5000 in value. In 1907 there were 38 classes for cattle, 29 for sheep, 20 for pigs, and 12 for carcase competitors, and the value of the prizes was £4113. The sections provided for cattle are properly restricted to what may be termed the beef breeds; in the catalogue order they are Devon, South Devon, Hereford, Shorthorn, Sussex, Red Polled, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway, Welsh, Highland, Cross-bred, Kerry and Dexter, and Small Cross-bred.

It will be noticed that such characteristically milking breeds as the Ayrshire, Jersey and Guernsey have no place here. Provision is made, however, for all the well-known breeds of sheep and swine. In the cattle classes, aged beasts of huge size and of considerably over a ton in weight used to be common, but in recent years the tendency has been to reduce the upper limit of age, and thus to bring out animals ripe for the butcher in a shorter time than was formerly the case. An important step in this direction was taken in 1896, when the senior class for steers, viz. animals three to four years old, was abolished, the maximum age at which steers were allowed to compete for prizes being reduced to three years. The cow classes were abolished in 1897, and in the schedule of the 1905 exhibition the classes for each breed of cattle were (1) for steers not exceeding two years old, (2) for steers above two years and not exceeding three years old, and (3) for heifers not exceeding three years old. The single exception is provided by the slowly-maturing Highland breed of cattle, for which classes were allotted to (1) steers not exceeding three years old, (2) steers or oxen above three years old (with no maximum limit), and (3) heifers not exceeding four years old. As illustrating heavy weights, there were in the 1893 show, out of 310 entries of cattle, four beasts which weighed over a ton. They were all steers of three to four years old, one being a Hereford weighing 20 cwt. 2 qr. 4 ℔, and the others Shorthorns weighing respectively 20 cwt. 2 qr., 20 cwt. 3 qr. 21 ℔, and 22 cwt. 2 qr. 18 ℔. In the 1895 show, out of 356 entries of cattle, there were seven beasts of more than a ton in weight. They were all three to four years old, and comprised four Shorthorns (top weight 21 cwt. 1 qr. 18 ℔), one Sussex (22 cwt. 3 qr. 7 ℔), and two cross-breds (top weight 20 cwt. 3 qr. 24 ℔). In the 1899 show, with 311 entries of cattle, and the age limited to three years, no beast reached the weight of a ton, the heaviest animal being a crossbred (Aberdeen-Angus and Shorthorn) which, at three years old, turned the scale at 19 cwt. 1 qr. 5 ℔. Out of 301 entries in 1905 the top weight was 19 cwt. 1 qr. 25 ℔ in the case of a Shorthorn steer. Useful figures for purposes of comparison are obtained by dividing the weight of a fat beast by the number of days in its age, the weight at birth being thrown in. The average daily gain in live weight is thus arrived at, and as the animal increases in age this average gradually diminishes, until the daily gain reaches a stage at which it does not afford any profitable return upon the food consumed. At the centenary show of the Smithfield Club in 1898 the highest average daily gains in weight amongst prize-winning cattle were provided by a Shorthorn-Aberdeen cross-bred steer (age, one year seven months; daily gain 2·47 ℔); a Shorthorn steer (age, one year seven months; daily gain, 2·44 ℔); and an Aberdeen-Shorthorn cross-bred steer (age, one year ten months; daily gain, 2·33 ℔). These beasts, it will be observed, were all under two years old. Amongst prize steers of two and a half to three years old, on the same occasion, the three highest daily average gains in live weight were 2·07 ℔ for an Aberdeen-Angus, 1·99 ℔ for a Shorthorn-Aberdeen cross-bred and 1·97 ℔ for a Sussex. In the sheep section of the Smithfield show the classes for ewes were finally abolished in 1898, and the classes restricted to wethers and

1. In the absence of experiments it is assumed that wheat is digested like other foods of the same class.