The exports from Callao are guano, sugar, cotton, wool, hides, silver, copper, gold and forest products, and the imports include timber and other building materials, cotton and other textiles, general merchandise for personal, household and industrial uses, railway material, coal, kerosene, wheat, flour and other food stuffs. The maintenance of peace and order, and the mining development of the interior, have added to the trade and prosperity of the port.
The history of Callao has been exceptionally eventful. It was founded in 1537, two years after Pizarro had founded Lima. As the port of that capital and the only open port below Panama it grew rapidly in importance and wealth. It was raised to the dignity of a city in 1671. The appearance of Sir Francis Drake in the bay in 1578 led to the fortification of the port, which proved strong enough to repel an attack by the Dutch in 1624. The city was completely destroyed and partly submerged by the great earthquake of the 28th of October 1746, in which about 6000 persons perished. The new city was strongly fortified and figured prominently in the struggle for independence, and also in the various revolutions which have convulsed the republic. Its political autonomy dates from 1836, when it was made a coast department. The Callao fortifications were bombarded by a Spanish fleet under Admiral Mendez Nuñez on the 2nd of May 1866, when there were heavy losses both in lives and material. Again, in 1880, the city was bombarded by the Chileans, though it was almost defenceless, and fell into the possession of the invaders after the capture of Lima in the following year. Before the surrender all the Peruvian naval vessels in the harbour were sunk, to prevent their falling into the possession of the enemy.
CALLCOTT, SIR AUGUSTUS WALL (1779–1844), English
landscape painter, was born at Kensington in 1779 and died
there in 1844. His first study was music; and he sang for
several years in the choir of Westminster Abbey. But at the age
of twenty he had determined to give up music, and had exhibited
his first painting at the Royal Academy. He gradually rose to
distinction, and was elected an associate in 1807 and an academician in 1810. In 1827 he received the honour of knighthood;
and, seven years later, was appointed surveyor of the royal
pictures. His two principal subject pictures—“Raphael and
the Fornarina,” and “Milton dictating to his Daughters,” are
much inferior to his landscapes, which are placed in the highest
class by their refined taste and quiet beauty.
His wife, Maria, Lady Callcott (1786–1844), whom he married in 1827, was a daughter of Admiral Dundas and widow of Captain Thomas Graham, R.N. (d. 1822). With her first husband she travelled in India, South Africa and South America, where she acted for some time as teacher of Donna Maria, who became queen of Portugal in 1826; and in the company of her second husband she spent much time in the south of Europe. She published accounts of her visits to India (1812), and to the environs of Rome (1820); Memoirs of Poussin (1820); a History of France; a History of Spain (1828); Essays toward a History of Painting (1836); Little Arthur’s History of England (1836); and the Scripture Herbal (1842).
CALLCOTT, JOHN WALL (1766–1821), English musician, brother of Sir Augustus Callcott, was born at Kensington on the 20th of November 1766. At the age of seven he was sent to a neighbouring day-school, where he continued for five years, studying chiefly Latin and Greek. During this time he frequently went to Kensington church, in the repairs of which his father was
employed, and the impression he received on hearing the organ
of that church seems to have roused his love for music. The
organist at that time was Henry Whitney, from whom Callcott
received his first musical instruction. He did not, however,
choose music as a profession, as he wished to become a surgeon.
But on witnessing a surgical operation he found his nervous
system so seriously affected by the sight, that he determined to
devote himself to music. His intimacy with Dr Arnold and
other leading musicians of the day procured him access to artistic
circles; he was deputy organist at St George the Martyr, Queen
Square, Bloomsbury, from 1783 to 1785, in which year his successful competition for three out of the four prize medals offered by the “Catch Club” soon spread his reputation as composer of glees, catches, canons and other pieces of concerted vocal music. The compositions with which he won these medals were—the catch “O beauteous fair,” the canon “Blessed is he,” and the glee “Dull repining sons of care.” In these and other similar
compositions he displays considerable skill and talent, and some
of his glees retain their popularity at the present day. In 1787
Callcott helped Dr Arnold and others to form the “Glee Club.”
In 1789 he became one of the two organists at St Paul’s, Covent
Garden, and from 1793 to 1802 he was organist to the Asylum for
Female Orphans. As an instrumental composer Callcott never
succeeded, not even after he had taken lessons from Haydn. But
of far greater importance than his compositions are his theoretical writings. His Musical Grammar, published in 1806 (3rd ed., 1817), was long considered the standard English work of musical
instruction, and in spite of its being antiquated when compared
with modern standards, it remains a scholarly and lucid treatment
of the rudiments of the art. Callcott was a much-esteemed
teacher of music for many years. In 1800 he took his degree of
Mus.D. at Oxford, where fifteen years earlier he had received his
degree of bachelor of music, and in 1805 he succeeded Dr Crotch
as musical lecturer at the Royal Institution. Towards the end of
his life his artistic career was twice interrupted by the failure of
his mental powers. He died at Bristol after much suffering on
the 15th of May 1821. A posthumous collection of his most
favourite vocal pieces was published in 1824 with a memoir of
his life by his son-in-law, William Horsley, himself a composer
of note.
Callcott’s son, William Hutchins Callcott (1807–1882), inherited to a large extent the musical gifts of his father. His song, “The last man,” and his anthem, “Give peace in our time, O Lord,” were his best-known compositions.
CALLIAS, tyrant of Chalcis in Euboea. With the assistance
of Philip II. of Macedon, which he hoped to obtain, he contemplated
the subjugation of the whole island. But finding that
Philip was unwilling to help him, Callias had recourse to the
Athenians, although he had previously (350 B.C.) been engaged
in hostilities with them. With the support of Demosthenes, he
was enabled to conclude an alliance with Athens, and the tribute
formerly paid by Eretria and Oreus to Athens was handed over
to him. But his plan of uniting the whole of Euboea under his
rule, with Chalcis as capital, was frustrated by Philip, who set up
tyrants chosen by himself at Eretria and Oreus. Subsequently,
when Philip’s attention was engaged upon Thrace, the Athenians
in conjunction with Callias drove out these tyrants, and Callias
thus became master of the island (Demosthenes, De Pace, p. 58;
Epistola Philippi, p. 159; Diod. Sic. xvi. 74). At the end of his
life he appears to have lived at Athens, and Demosthenes proposed
to confer the citizenship upon him (Aeschines, Contra Ctesiphontem, 85, 87).
CALLIAS and HIPPONICUS, two names borne alternately by
the heads of a wealthy and distinguished Athenian family.
During the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. the office of daduchus or
torch-bearer at the Eleusinian mysteries was the hereditary
privilege of the family till its extinction. The following members
deserve mention.
1. Callias, the second of the name, fought at the battle of Marathon (490) in priestly attire. Some time after the death of Cimon, probably about 445 B.C., he was sent to Susa to conclude with Artaxerxes, king of Persia, a treaty of peace afterwards misnamed the “peace of Cimon.” Cimon had nothing to do with it, and he was totally opposed to the idea of peace with Persia (see Cimon). At all events Callias’s mission does not seem to have been successful; he was indicted for high treason on his return to Athens and sentenced to a fine of fifty talents.
See Herodotus vii. 151; Diod. Sic. xii. 4; Demosthenes, De Falsa Legatione, p. 428; Grote recognizes the treaty as a historical fact, History of Greece, ch. xlv., while Curtius, bk. iii. ch. ii., denies the conclusion of any formal treaty; see also Ed. Meyer, Forschungen, ii.; J. B. Bury in Hermathena, xxiv. (1898).
2. Hipponicus, son of the above. Together with Eurymedon he commanded the Athenian forces in the incursion into Boeotian territory (426 B.C.) and was slain at the battle of Delium (424).
