that Smith was his “Master and Instructor in Mineral Surveying,” and his subsequent publications show how well he had profited by the teachings he received. Farey prepared the General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire in two vols. (1811–1813) for the Board of Agriculture. In the first of these volumes (1811) he gave an able account of the upper part of the British series of strata, and a masterly exposition of the Carboniferous and other strata of Derbyshire. In this classic work, and in a paper published in the Phil. Mag. vol. li. 1818, p. 173, on “Mr Smith’s Geological Claims stated,” he zealously called attention to the importance of the discoveries of William Smith. Farey died in London on the 6th of January 1826.
See Biographical Notice, by W. S. Mitchell, in Geol. Mag. 1873, p. 25.
FARGO, WILLIAM GEORGE (1818–1881), pioneer American
expressman, was born in Pompey, New York, on the 20th of
May 1818. From the age of thirteen he had to support himself,
obtaining little schooling, and for several years he was a clerk
in grocery stores in Syracuse. He became a freight agent for
the Auburn & Syracuse railway company at Auburn in 1841,
an express messenger between Albany and Buffalo a year later,
and in 1843 a resident agent in Buffalo. In 1844 he organized,
with Henry Wells (1805–1878) and Daniel Dunning, the first
express company (Wells & Co.; after 1845 Livingston & Fargo)
to engage in the carrying business west of Buffalo. The lines
of this company (which first operated only to Detroit, via
Cleveland) were rapidly extended to Chicago, St Louis, and other
western points. In March 1850, when through a consolidation
of competing lines the American Express Company was organized,
Wells became president and Fargo secretary. In 1851, with
Wells and others, he organized the firm of Wells, Fargo &
Company to conduct an express business between New York and
San Francisco by way of the Isthmus of Panama and on the
Pacific coast, where it long had a virtual monopoly. In 1861
Wells, Fargo & Co. bought and reorganized the Overland Mail
Co., which had been formed in 1857 to carry the United States
mails, and of which Fargo had been one of the original promoters.
From 1862 to 1866 he was mayor of Buffalo, and from 1868 to his
death, in Buffalo, on the 3rd of August 1881, he was president
of the American Express Company, with which in 1868 the Merchants
Union Express Co. was consolidated. He was a director
of the New York Central and of the Northern Pacific railways.
FARGO, a city and the county-seat of Cass county, North
Dakota, U.S.A., about 254 m. W. of Duluth, Minnesota. Pop.
(1890) 5664; (1900) 9589, of whom 2564 were foreign-born;
(1910 census) 14,331. It is served by the Northern Pacific,
the Great Northern, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul
railways. The city is situated on the W. bank of the Red river
of the North, which in 1909 had a navigable depth of only
about 2 ft. from Fargo to Grank Forks, and the navigation of
which was obstructed at various places by fixed bridges. In
the city are Island and Oakgrove parks, the former of which
contains a statue (erected by Norwegians in 1908) of Henrik
Arnold Wergeland, the Norwegian poet. Fargo is the seat of the
North Dakota agricultural college (coeducational), founded in
1890 under the provisions of the Federal “Morrill Act” of
1862; it receives both Federal and state support (the former
under the Morrill Act of 1890), and in connexion with it
a United States Agricultural Experiment Station is maintained.
In 1907–1908 the college had 988 students in the
regular courses (including the students in the Academy), 117
in the summer course in steam engineering, and 68 in correspondence
courses. At Fargo, also, are Fargo College (non-sectarian,
1887; founded by Congregationalists), which has a
college department, a preparatory department, and a conservatory
of music, and in 1908 had 310 students, of whom 211
were in the conservatory of music; the Oak Grove Lutheran
ladies’ seminary (1906) and the Sacred Heart Academy (Roman
Catholic). The city is the see of both a Roman Catholic bishop
and a Protestant Episcopal bishop; and it is the centre of
masonic interests in the state, having a fine masonic temple.
There are a public library and a large Y.M.C.A. building. St
John’s hospital is controlled by Roman Catholic sisters, and
St Luke’s hospital by the Lutheran Church. Fargo is in a
rich agricultural (especially wheat) region, is a busy grain-trading
and jobbing centre, is one of the most important wholesale
distributing centres for agricultural implements and machinery
in the United States, and has a number of manufactures, notably
flour. The total value of the city’s factory products in 1905
was $1,160,832. Fargo, named in honour of W. G. Fargo of
the Wells Fargo Express Company, was first settled as a tent
city in 1871, when the Red river was crossed by the Northern
Pacific, but was not permanently settled until after the extinction
in 1873 of the Indian title to the reservation on which it was
situated. It was chartered as a city in 1875. The Milwaukee
railway was completed to Fargo in 1884. In June 1893 a large
part of the city was destroyed by fire, the loss being more than
$3,000,000.
FARIA Y SOUSA, MANUEL DE (1590–1649), Spanish and
Portuguese historian and poet, was born of an ancient Portuguese
family, probably at Pombeiro, on the 18th of March 1590,
attended the university of Braga for some years, and when about
fourteen entered the service of the bishop of Oporto. With the
exception of about four years from 1631 to 1634, during which
he was a member of the Portuguese embassy in Rome, the greater
part of his later life was spent at Madrid, and there he died, after
much suffering, on the 3rd of June 1649. He was a laborious,
peaceful man; and a happy marriage with Catharina Machado,
the Albania of his poems, enabled him to lead a studious domestic
life, dividing his cares and affections between his children and
his books. His first important work, an Epitome de las historias
Portuguezas (Madrid, 1628), was favourably received; but some
passages in his enormous commentary upon Os Lusiadas, the
poem of Luis de Camoens, excited the suspicion of the inquisitors,
caused his temporary incarceration, and led to the permanent
loss of his official salary. In spite of the enthusiasm which is
said to have prescribed to him the daily task of twelve folio
pages, death overtook him before he had completed his greatest
enterprise, a history of the Portuguese in all parts of the world.
Several portions of the work appeared at Lisbon after his death,
under the editorship of Captain Faria y Sousa:—Europa Portugueza
(1667, 3 vols.); Asia Portugueza (1666–1675, 3 vols.);
Africa Portugueza (1681). As a poet Faria y Sousa was nearly
as prolific; but his poems are vitiated by the prevailing Gongorism
of his time. They were for the most part collected in the
Noches claras (Madrid, 1624–1626), and the Fuente de Aganipe,
of which four volumes were published at Madrid in 1644–1646.
He also wrote, from information supplied by P. A. Semmedo,
Imperio de China i cultura evangelica en él (Madrid, 1642); and
translated and completed the Nobiliario of the count of
Barcellos.
There are English translations by J. Stevens of the History of Portugal (London, 1698), and of Portuguese Asia (London, 1695).
FARIBAULT, a city and the county-seat of Rice county,
Minnesota, U.S.A., on the Cannon river, at the mouth of the
Straight river, about 45 m. S. of St Paul. (Pop. 1890) 6520;
(1900) 7868, of whom 1586 were foreign-born; (1905) 8279;
(1910) 9001. Faribault is served by the Chicago Great Western,
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, and the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific railways. The city is attractively situated near a lake
region widely known for its summer resorts. Faribault is the
seat of the Minnesota institute for defectives, embracing the
state school for the deaf (1863), the state school for the blind
(1874), and the state school for the feeble-minded (1879); of
three institutions under control of the Protestant Episcopal
Church—the Seabury divinity school (incorporated 1860),
the Shattuck school (1867; incorporated in 1905), a military
school for boys, and St Mary’s hall (1866), a school for girls,
founded by Bishop Whipple; and of the Roman Catholic
(Dominican) Bethlehem Academy for girls. In the city are
the cathedral of our Merciful Saviour (1868–1869), the first
Protestant Episcopal church in the United States built and used
as a cathedral from its opening; and the hospital and nurses’
training school of the Minnesota District of the Evangelical
