masses is 1120 m. long, 80 m. broad, and 5000 ft. thick. In Scotland three grades of thrusts are recognized, maximum, major, and minor thrusts; the last have very generally been truncated by those of greater magnitude. Some of these great thrusts have received distinguishing names, e.g. the Moine thrust (fig. 19) and the Ben More thrust; similarly in the coal basin of Mons and Valenciennes we find the faille de Boussu and the Grande faille du midi. Overturned folds are frequently seen passing into thrusts. Bayley Willis has classified thrusts as (1) Shear thrusts, (2) Break thrusts, (3) Stretch thrusts, and (4) Erosion thrusts.
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| Fig. 18.—Diagram to illustrate the terminology of faults and thrusts. |
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| Fig. 19.—Section of a very large thrust in the Durness Eriboll district, Scotland. |
Dr J. E. Marr (“Notes on the Geology of the English Lake District,” Proc. Geol. Assoc., 1900) has described a type of fault which may be regarded as the converse of a thrust fault. If we consider a series of rock masses A, B, C—of which A is the oldest and undermost—undergoing thrusting, say from south to north, should the mass C be prevented from moving forward as rapidly as B, a low-hading fault may form between C and B and the mass C may lag behind; similarly the mass B may lag behind A. Such faults Dr Marr calls “lag faults.” A mass of rock suffering thrusting or lagging may yield unequally in its several parts, and those portions tending to travel more rapidly than the adjoining masses in the same sheet may be cut off by fractures. Thus the faster-moving blocks will be separated from the slower ones by faults approximately normal to the plane of movement: these are described as “tear faults.”
Faults may occur in rocks of all ages; small local dislocations are observable even in glacial deposits, alluvium and loess. A region of faulting may continue to be so through more than one geological period. Little is known of the mechanism of faulting or of the causes that produce it; the majority of the text-book explanations will not bear scrutiny, and there is room for extended observation and research. The sudden yielding of the strata along a plane of faulting is a familiar cause of earthquakes.
See E. de Margerie and A. Heim, Les Dislocations de l’écorce terrestre (Zürich, 1888); A. Rothpletz, Geotektonische Probleme (Stuttgart, 1894); B. Willis, “The Mechanics of Appalachian Structure,” 13th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey (1891–1892, pub. 1893). A prolonged discussion of the subject is given in Economic Geology, Lancaster, Pa., U.S.A., vols. i. and ii. (1906, 1907). (A. Ge.; J. A. H.)
FAUNA, the name, in Roman mythology, of a country goddess
of the fields and cattle, known sometimes as the sister, sometimes
as the wife of the god Faunus; hence the term is used
collectively for all the animals in any given geographical area
or geological period, or for an enumeration of the same. It thus
corresponds to the term “flora” in respect to plant life.
FAUNTLEROY, HENRY (1785–1824), English banker and
forger, was born in 1785. After seven years as a clerk in the
London bank of Marsh, Sibbald & Co., of which his father was
one of the founders, he was taken into partnership, and the whole
business of the firm was left in his hands. In 1824 the bank
suspended payment. Fauntleroy was arrested on the charge of
appropriating trust funds by forging the trustees’ signatures,
and was committed for trial, it being freely rumoured that he
had appropriated £250,000, which he had squandered in debauchery.
He was tried at the Old Bailey, and, the case against
him having been proved, he admitted his guilt, but pleaded that
he had used the misappropriated funds to pay his firm’s debts.
He was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. Seventeen
merchants and bankers gave evidence as to his general integrity
at the trial, and after his conviction powerful influence was
brought to bear on his behalf, and his case was twice argued
before judges on points of law. An Italian named Angelini
even offered to take Fauntleroy’s place on the scaffold. The
efforts of his many friends were, however, unavailing, and he
was executed on the 30th of November 1824. A wholly
unfounded rumour was widely credited for some time subsequently
to the effect that he had escaped strangulation by
inserting a silver tube in his throat, and was living comfortably
abroad.
See A. Griffith’s Chronicles of Newgate, ii. 294–300, and Pierce Egan’s Account of the Trial of Mr Fauntleroy.
FAUNUS (i.e. the “kindly,” from Lat. favere, or the “speaker,”
from fari), an old Italian rural deity, the bestower of fruitfulness
on fields and cattle. As such he is akin to or identical with
Inuus (“fructifier”) and Lupercus (see Lupercalia). Faunus
also revealed the secrets of the future by strange sounds from
the woods, or by visions communicated to those who slept within
his precincts in the skin of sacrificed lambs; he was then called
Fatuus, and with him was associated his wife or daughter Fatua.
Under Greek influence he was identified with Pan, and just as
there was supposed to be a number of Panisci, so the existence
of many Fauni was assumed—misshapen and mischievous
goblins of the forest, with pointed ears, tails and goat’s feet,
who loved to torment sleepers with hideous nightmares. In
poetical tradition Faunus is an old king of Latium, the son of
Picus (Mars) and father of Latinus, the teacher of agriculture and
cattle-breeding, and the introducer of the religious system of the
country, honoured after death as a tutelary divinity. Two
festivals called Faunalia were celebrated in honour of Faunus,
one on the 13th of February in his temple on the island in the
Tiber, the other in the country on the 5th of December (Ovid,
Fasti, ii. 193; Horace, Odes, iii. 18. 10). At these goats were
sacrificed to him with libations of wine and milk, and he was implored
to be propitious to fields and flocks. The peasants and slaves
at the same time amused themselves with dancing in the meadows.
FAURE, FRANÇOIS FÉLIX (1841–1899), President of the
French Republic, was born in Paris on the 30th of January 1841,
being the son of a small furniture maker. Having started as
a tanner and merchant at Havre, he acquired considerable
wealth, was elected to the National Assembly on the 21st of
August 1881, and took his seat as a member of the Left, interesting
himself chiefly in matters concerning economics, railways
and the navy. In November 1882 he became under-secretary
for the colonies in M. Ferry’s ministry, and retained the post
till 1885. He held the same post in M. Tirard’s ministry in 1888,
and in 1893 was made vice-president of the chamber. In 1894
he obtained cabinet rank as minister of marine in the administration
of M. Dupuy. In the January following he was unexpectedly
elected president of the Republic upon the resignation of M.
Casimir-Périer. The principal cause of his elevation was the
determination of the various sections of the moderate republican
party to exclude M. Brisson, who had had a majority of votes
on the first ballot, but had failed to obtain an absolute majority.
To accomplish this end it was necessary to unite among themselves,
and union could only be secured by the nomination of
some one who offended nobody. M. Faure answered perfectly
to this description. His fine presence and his tact on ceremonial
occasions rendered the state some service when in 1896 he received
the Tsar of Russia at Paris, and in 1897 returned his
visit, after which meeting the momentous Franco-Russian
alliance was publicly announced. The latter days of M. Faure’s
presidency were embittered by the Dreyfus affair, which he was
determined to regard as chose jugée. But at a critical moment
in the proceedings his death occurred suddenly, from apoplexy,
on the 16th of February 1899. With all his faults, and in spite
of no slight amount of personal vanity, President Faure was
a shrewd political observer and a good man of business. After
his death, some alleged extracts from his private journals,
dealing with French policy, were published in the Paris press.
See E. Maillard, Le Président F. Faure (Paris, 1897); P. Bluysen, Félix Faure intime (1898); and F. Martin-Ginouvier, F. Faure devant l’histoire (1895).
FAURÉ, GABRIEL (1845– ), French musical composer,
was born at Pamiers on the 13th of May 1845. He studied at
the school of sacred music directed by Niedermeyer, first under
Dietsch, and subsequently under Saint-Saëns. He became
“maître de chapelle” at the church of the Madeleine in 1877,
and organist in 1896. His works include a symphony in D
minor (Op. 40), two quartets for piano and strings (Opp. 15 and
45), a suite for orchestra (Op. 12), sonata for violin and piano
(Op. 13), concerto for violin (Op. 14), berceuse for violin, élégie
for violoncello, pavane for orchestra, incidental music for
Alexandre Dumas’ Caligula and De Haraucourt’s Shylock,
