Page:EB1911 - Volume 10.djvu/579

and thus collectively form an apparent or false axis or sympodium, and the inflorescence thus simulates a raceme. In the true raceme, however, we find only a single axis, producing in succession a series of bracts, from which the floral peduncles arise as lateral shoots, and thus each flower is on the same side of the floral axis as the bract in the axil of which it is developed; but in the uniparous cyme the flower of each of these axes, the basal portions of which unite to form the false axis, is situated on the opposite side of the axis to the bract from which it apparently arises (fig. 18). The bract is not, however, the one from which the axis terminating in the flower arises, but is a bract produced upon it, and gives origin in its axil to a new axis, the basal portion of which, constituting the next part of the false axis, occupies the angle between this bract and its parent axis—the bract from which the axis really does arise being situated lower down upon the same side of the axis with itself. The uniparous cyme presents two forms, the scorpioid or cicinal and the helicoid or bostrychoid.

Fig. 18. Fig. 19.	⁠	Fig. 20. Fig. 21.
Fig. 18.—Helicoid cyme of a species of Alstroemeria. a1, a2, a3, a4, &c., separate axes successively developed in the axils of the corresponding bracts b2, b3, b4, &c., and ending in a flower f2, f3, f4, &c. The whole appears to form a simple raceme of which the axes form the internodes.
Fig. 19.—Scorpioidal or cicinal cyme of Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris).
Fig. 20.—Diagram of definite floral axes a, b, c, d, e, &c.
Fig. 21.—Flowering stalk of Ragwort (Senecio). The flowers are in heads (capitula), and open from the circumference inwards in an indefinite centripetal manner. The heads of flowers, on the other hand, taken collectively, expand centrifugally—the central one a first.

In the scorpioid cyme the flowers are arranged alternately in a double row along one side of the false axis (fig. 19), the bracts when developed forming a second double row on the opposite side; the whole inflorescence usually curves on itself like a scorpion’s tail, hence its name. In fig. 20 is shown a diagrammatic sketch of this arrangement. The false axis, a b c d, is formed by successive generations of unifloral axes, the flowers being arranged along one side alternately and in a double row; had the bracts been developed they would have formed a similar double row on the opposite side of the false axis; the whole inflorescence is represented as curved on itself. The inflorescence in the family Boraginaceae are usually regarded as true scorpioid cymes.

In the helicoid cyme there is also a false axis formed by the basal portion of the separate axes, but the flowers are not placed in a double row, but in a single row, and form a spiral or helix round the false axis. In Alstroemeria, as represented in fig. 18, the axis a₁ ends in a flower (cut off in the figure) and bears a leaf. From the axil of this leaf, that is, between it and the primary axis a₁ arises a secondary axis a₂, ending in a flower f₂, and producing a leaf about the middle. From the axil of this leaf a tertiary floral axis a₃, ending in a flower f₃, takes origin. In this case the axes are not arranged in two rows along one side of the false axis, but are placed at regular intervals, so as to form an elongated spiral round it.

Compound definite inflorescences are by no means common, but in Streptocarpus polyanthus and in several calceolarias we probably have examples. Here there are scorpioid cymes of pairs of flowers, each pair consisting of an older and a younger flower.

Forms of inflorescence occur, in which both the definite and indefinite types are represented—mixed inflorescences. Thus in Composite plants, such as hawk weeds (Hieracia) and ragworts (Senecio, fig. 21), the heads of flowers, taken as a whole, are developed centrifugally, the Mixed inflorescence. terminal head first, while the florets, or small flowers on the receptacle, open centripetally, those at the circumference first. So also in Labiatae, such as dead-nettle (Lamium), the different whorls of inflorescence are developed centripetally, while the florets of the verticillaster are centrifugal. This mixed character presents difficulties in such cases as Labiatae, where the leaves, in place of retaining their ordinary form, become bracts, and thus might lead to the supposition of the whole series of flowers being one inflorescence. In such cases the cymes are described as spiked, racemose, or panicled, according to circumstances. In Saxifraga umbrosa (London-pride) and in the horse-chestnut we meet with a raceme of scorpioid cymes; in sea-pink, a capitulum of contracted scorpioid cymes (often called a glomerulus); in laurustinus, a compound umbel of dichasial cymes; a scorpioid cyme of capitula in Vernonia scorpioides. The so-called catkins of the birch are, in reality, spikes of contracted dichasial cymes. In the bell-flower (Campanula) there is a racemose uniparous cyme. In the privet (Ligustrum vulgare) there are numerous racemes of dichasia arranged in a racemose manner along an axis; the whole inflorescence thus has an appearance not unlike a bunch of grapes, and has been called a thyrsus.

Tabular View of Inflorescences

A.	Indefinite Centripetal Inflorescence.
	I.	Flowers solitary, axillary. Vinca, Veronica hederifolia.
	II.	Flowers in groups, pedicellate.
		1.	Elongated form (Raceme), Hyacinth, Laburnum, Currant.
			(Corymb), Ornithogalum.
		2.	Contracted or shortened form (Umbel), Cowslip, Astrantia.
	III.	Flowers in groups, sessile.
		1.	Elongated form (Spike), Plantago.
			(Spikelet), Grasses.
			(Amentum, Catkin), Willow, Hazel.
			(Spadix) Arum, some Palms.
			(Strobilus), Hop.
		2.	Contracted or shortened form (Capitulum), Daisy, Dandelion, Scabious.
	IV.	Compound Indefinite Inflorescence.
		a.	Compound Spike, Rye-grass.
		b.	Compound Spadix, Palms.
		c.	Compound Raceme, Astilbe.
		d.	Compound Umbel, Hemlock and most Umbelliferae.
		e.	Raceme of Capitula, Petasites.
		f.	Raceme of Umbels, Ivy.
B.	Definite Centrifugal Inflorescence.
	I.	Flowers solitary, terminal. Gentianella, Tulip.
	II.	Flowers in Cymes.
		1.	Uniparous Cyme.
			a.	Helicoid Cyme (axes forming a spiral).
				Elongated form, Alstromeria.
				Contracted form, Witsenia corymbosa.