Belgium about 1,300,000 tons. Holland, France, Portugal, Spain and Italy are all importing countries, as also are Asia Minor, Egypt and Algeria. The west coast of Africa exports hardwoods, and imports coniferous timber. The Cape and Natal import considerable quantities of pine and fir wood. Australasia exports hardwoods and some Kauri pine from New Zealand, but imports larger quantities of light pine and fir timber. British India and Siam export teak and small quantities of fancy woods. The West Indies and South America export hardwoods, and import pine and fir wood. The United States of America will not much longer be a genuine exporting country, since they import already almost as much timber from Canada as they export. Canada exports considerable quantities of timber. The Dominion has still a forest area of 1,250,000 sq. m., equal to 38% of the total area, and giving 165 acres of forest for every inhabitant. Although only about one-third of the forest area can be called regular timber land, Canada possesses an enormous forest wealth, with which she might supply permanently nearly all other countries deficient in material, if the governing bodies in the several provinces would only determine to stop the present fearful waste caused by axe and fire, and to introduce a regular system of management. As matters stand, the supplies of the most valuable timber of Canada, the white or Weymouth pine (Pinus strobus), are nearly exhausted, the great stores of spruce in the eastern provinces are being rapidly destroyed, and the forests of Douglas fir in the western provinces have been attacked for export to the United States and to other countries.
| Countries. | Quantities in Tons. | Value in £ Sterling. | ||
| Imports. | Exports. | Imports. | Exports. | |
| United Kingdom | 10,004,000 | · · | 26,540,000 | · · |
| Germany | 4,600,000 | · · | 14,820,000 | · · |
| Belgium | 1,300,000 | · · | 5,040,000 | · · |
| France | 1,230,000 | · · | 3,950,000 | · · |
| Italy | 620,000 | · · | 2,100,000 | · · |
| Spain | 470,000 | · · | 1,500,000 | · · |
| Denmark | 470,000 | · · | 1,250,000 | · · |
| Switzerland | 204,000 | · · | 480,000 | · · |
| Holland | 180,000 | · · | 720,000 | · · |
| Servia | 110,000 | · · | 160,000 | · · |
| Portugal | 60,000 | · · | 200,000 | · · |
| Greece | 35,000 | · · | 130,000 | · · |
| Rumania | · · | 400,000 | · · | 840,000 |
| Norway | · · | 1,300,000 | · · | 2,200,000 |
| Austria-Hungary with | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | · · | 3,996,000 | · · | 11,400,000 |
| Sweden | · · | 4,460,000 | · · | 7,930,000 |
| Russia with Finland | · · | 6,890,000 | · · | 10,440,000 |
| Total | 19,283,000 | 17,046,000 | 56,890,000 | 32,810,000 |
| Net Imports | 2,237,000 | 24,080,000 | ||
These net imports are received from non-European countries. They consist chiefly
of valuable hardwoods, like teak, mahogany, eucalypts and others.
Taking the remaining stocks of the whole earth together, it may be said that a sufficient quantity of hardwoods is available, but the only countries which are able to supply coniferous timber for export on a considerable scale are Russia, Sweden, Norway, Austria and Canada. As these countries have practically to supply the rest of the world, and as the management of their forests is far from satisfactory, the question of supplying light pine and fir timber, which forms the very staff of life of the wood industries, must become a very serious matter before many years have passed. Unmistakable signs of the coming crisis are everywhere visible to all who wish to see, and it is difficult to over-state the gravity of the problem, when it is remembered, for instance, that 87% of all the timber imported into Great Britain consists of light pine and fir, and that most of the other importing countries are similarly situated. In some of these countries little or no room exists for the extension of woodland, but this statement does not apply to Great Britain and Ireland, which contain upwards of 12,000,000 acres of waste land, and 12,500,000 acres of mountain and heath land used for light grazing. One-fourth of that area, if put under forest, would produce all the timber now imported which can be grown in Britain, that is to say, about 95% of the total.
The subjoined table shows the movements of timber within the greater part of the British empire:—
| Countries. | Annual Average during the Years 1884–1888. |
Annual Average during the Years 1900–1903. | ||
| Net Imports. |
Net Exports. |
Net Imports. |
Net Exports. | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| United Kingdom | 15,000,000 | · · | 26,540,000 | · · |
| Australasia | 1,284,000 | · · | 568,000 | · · |
| Africa | 72,000 | · · | 737,000 | · · |
| West Indies, Honduras and Guiana | · · | 207,000 | · · | 71,000 |
| India, Ceylon and Mauritius | · · | 528,000 | · · | 580,000 |
| Dominion of Canada | · · | 4,025,000 | · · | 4,789,000 |
| Total | 16,356,000 | 4,760,000 | 27,845,000 | 5,440,000 |
| Net Imports | 11,596,000 | · · | 22,405,000 | · · |
| Total increase in 16 years | · · | · · | 10,809,000 | · · |
| Average annual increase of net imports | · · | · · | 675,562 | · · |
Forest Management.—In early times there was practically no forest management. As long as the forests occupied considerable areas, their produce was looked upon as the free gift of nature, like air and water; men took it, used it, and even destroyed it without let or hindrance. With the gradual increase of population and the consequent reduction of the forest area, proprietary ideas developed; people claimed the ownership of certain forests, and proceeded to protect them against outsiders. Subsequently the law of the country was called in to help in protection, leading to the promulgation of special forest laws. By degrees it was found that mere protection was not sufficient, and that steps must be taken to enforce a more judicious treatment, as well as to limit the removal of timber to what the forests were capable of producing permanently. The teaching of natural science and of political economy was brought to bear upon the subject, so that now forestry has become a special science. This is recognized in many countries, amongst which Germany stands first, closely followed by France, Austria, Denmark and Belgium. Of non-European countries the palm belongs to British India, and then follow Ceylon, the Malay States, the Cape of Good Hope and Japan. The United States of America have also turned their attention to the subject. Most of the British colonies are, in this respect, as yet in a backward state, and the matter has still to be fought out in Great Britain and Ireland, though many writers have urged the importance of the question upon the public and the government. There can be no doubt that all civilized countries must, sooner or later, adopt a rational and systematic treatment of their forests.
For details as to the separate countries, see the articles under the country headings; in this article only some of the more important countries are dealt with, in so far as the history of their forestry is important. A few notes on Germany and France will be given, because in these countries forest management has been brought to highest perfection; Italy is mentioned, because she has allowed her forests to be destroyed; and a short description of forestry in the United Kingdom and in India follows. A separate section is devoted to the United States.
Germany is in general well-wooded. The winters being long and severe, an abundant supply of fuel is almost as essential as a sufficient supply of food. This necessity has led, along
