The principal river is the Min, which is formed by the junction, in the neighbourhood of the city of Yen-pʽing Fu, of three rivers, namely, the Nui-si, which takes its rise in the mountains on the western frontier in the prefecture of Kien-ning Fu, the Fuh-tun Ki, the source of which is found in the district of Kwang-tsih in the north-west of the province, and the Ta-shi-ki (Shao Ki), which rises in the mountains in the western district of Ning-hwa. From Yen-pʽing Fu the river takes a south-easterly course, and after passing along the south face of the city of Fuchow Fu, empties itself into the sea about 30 m. below that town. Its upper course is narrow and rocky and abounds in rapids, but as it approaches Fuchow Fu the channel widens and the current becomes slow and even. Its depth is very irregular, and it is navigable only by native boats of a small class. Two other rivers flow into the sea near Amoy, neither of which, however, is navigable for any distance from its mouth owing to the shallows and rapids with which they abound. Thirty-five miles inland from Amoy stands the city of Chang Chow, famous for the bridge which there spans the Kin-lung river. This bridge is 800 ft. long, and consists of granite monoliths stretching from one abutment to another. The soil of the province is, as its name, “Happy Establishment,” indicates, very productive, and the scenery is of a rich and varied character. Most of the hills are covered with verdure, and the less rugged are laid out in terraces. The principal products of the province are tea, of which the best kind is that known as Bohea, which takes its name, by a mispronunciation, from the Wu-e Mountains, in the prefecture of Kien-ning Fu, where it is grown; grains of various kinds, oranges, plantins, lichis, bamboo, ginger, gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, salt (both marine and rock), deers’ horns, beeswax, sugar, fish, birds’ nests, medicine, paper, cloth, timber, &c. Fu-kien has three open ports, Fuchow Fu opened in 1842, Amoy opened to trade in the same year and Funing. The latter port was only opened to foreign trade in 1898, but in 1904 it imported and exported goods to the value of £7668 and £278,160 respectively.
FUKUI, a town of Japan in the province of Echizen, Nippon,
near the west coast, 20 m. N. by E. of Wakasa Bay. It lies in
a volcanic district much exposed to earthquakes, and suffered
severely during the disturbances of 1891–1892, when a chasm over
40 m. long was opened across the Neo valley from Fukui to
Katabira. But Fukui subsequently revived, and is now in a
flourishing condition, with several local industries, especially the
manufacture of paper, and an increasing population exceeding
50,000. Fukui has railway communication. There are ruins of
a castle of the Daimios of Echizen.
FUKUOKA, a town on the north-west coast of the island of
Kiushiu, Japan, in the province of Chikuzen, 90 m. N.N.E. of
Nagasaki by rail. Pop. about 72,000. With Hakata, on the
opposite side of a small coast stream, it forms a large centre of
population, with an increasing export trade and several local
industries. Of these the most important is silk-weaving, and
Hakata especially is noted for its durable silk fabrics. Fukuoka
was formerly the residence of the powerful daimio of Chikuzen,
and played a conspicuous part in the medieval history of Japan;
the renowned temple of Yeiyas in the district was destroyed by
fire during the revolution of 1868. There are several other places
of this name in Japan, the most important being Fukuoka in the
province of Mutsu, North Nippon, a railway station on the main
line from Tokyo to Aimori Ura Bay. Pop. about 5000.
FULA (Fulbe, Fellatah or Peuls), a numerous and powerful
African people, spread over an immense region from Senegal
nearly to Darfur. Strictly they have no country of their own, and
nowhere form the whole of the population, though nearly always
the dominant native race. They are most numerous in Upper
Senegal and in the countries under French sway immediately
south of Senegambia, notably Futa Jallon. Farther east they
rule, subject to the control of the French, Segu and Massena,
countries on both banks of the upper Niger, to the south-west of
Timbuktu. The districts within the great bend of the Niger
have a large Fula population. East of that river Sokoto and its
tributary emirates are ruled by Fula princes, subject to the
control of the British Nigerian administration. Fula are settled
in Bornu, Bagirmi, Wadai and the upper Nile Valley,[1] but have
no political power in those countries. Their most southerly
emirate is Adamawa, the country on both sides of the upper
Benue. In this vast region of distribution the Fula populations
are most dense towards the west and north, most scattered
towards the east and south. Originally herdsmen in the western
and central Sudan, they extended their sway east of the Niger,
under the leadership of Othman Dan Fodio, during the early
years of the 19th century, and having subdued the Hausa states,
founded the empire of Sokoto with the vassal emirates of Kano,
Gando, Nupe, Adamawa, &c.
The question of the ethnic affinities of the Fula has given rise to an enormous amount of speculation, but the most reasonable theory is that they are a mixture of Berber and Negro. This is now the most generally accepted theory. Certainly there is no reason to connect them with the ancient Egyptians. In the district of Senegal known as Fuladugu or “Fula Land,” where the purest types of the race are found, the people are of a reddish brown or light chestnut colour, with oval faces, ringlety or even smooth hair, never woolly, straight and even aquiline noses, delicately shaped lips and regular features quite differentiating them from the Negro type. Like most conquering races the Fula are, however, not of uniform physique, in many districts approximating to the local type. They nevertheless maintain throughout their widespread territory a certain national solidarity, thanks to common speech, traditions and usages. The ruling caste of the Fula differs widely in character from the herdsmen of the western Sudan. The latter are peaceable, inoffensive and abstemious. They are mainly monogamous, and by rigidly abstaining from foreign marriages have preserved racial purity. The ruling caste in Nigeria, on the other hand, despise their pastoral brethren, and through generations of polygamy with the conquered tribes have become more Negroid in type, black, burly and coarse featured. Love of luxury, pomp and finery is their chief characteristic. Taken as a whole, the Fula race is distinguished by great intelligence, frankness of disposition and strength of character. As soldiers they are renowned almost exclusively as cavalry; and the race has produced several leaders possessed of much strategical skill. Besides the ordinary Negro weapons, they use iron spears with leatherbound handles and swords. They are generally excellent rulers, stern but patient and just. The Nigerian emirs acquired, however, an evil reputation during the 19th century as slave raiders. They have long been devout Mahommedans, and mosques and schools exist in almost all their towns. Tradition says that of old every Fula boy and girl was a scholar; but during the decadence of their power towards the close of the 19th century education was not highly valued. Power seems to have somewhat spoilt this virile race, but such authorities as Sir Frederick Lugard believe them still capable of a great future.
The Fula language has as yet found no place in any African linguistic family. In its rudiments it is akin to the Hamito-Semitic group. It possesses two grammatical genders, not masculine and feminine, but the human and the non-human; the adjective agrees in assonance with its noun, and euphony plays a great part in verbal and nominal inflections. In some ways resembling the Negro dialects, it betrays non-Negroid influences in the use of suffixes. The name of the people has many variations. Fulbe or Fula (sing. Pullo, Peul) is the Mandingan name, Follani the Hausa, Fellatah the Kanuri, Fullan the Arab, and Fulde on the Benue. Like the name Abate, “white,” given them in Kororofa, all these seem to refer to their light reddish hue.
See F. Ratzel, History of Mankind (English ed., London, 1896–1898); Sir F. Lugard, “Northern Nigeria,” in Geographical Journal (July 1904); Grimal de Guirodon, Les Puls (1887); E. A. Brackenbury, A Short Vocabulary of the Fulani Language (Zungeru, 1907); the articles Nigeria and Sokoto and authorities there cited.
- ↑ Sir Wm. Wallace in a report on Northern Nigeria (“Colonial Office” series, No. 551, 1907) calls attention to the exodus “of thousands of Fulani of all sorts, but mostly Mellawa, from the French Middle Niger,” and states that the majority of the emigrants are settling in the Nile valley.
