Acre and Tyre as her dower. In 1131, at the age of thirty-nine, he became king of Jerusalem. His reign is not marked by any considerable events: the kingdom which had reached its zenith under Baldwin II., and did not begin to decline till the capture of Edessa in the reign of Baldwin III., was quietly prosperous under his rule. In the beginning of his reign he had to act as regent of Antioch, and to provide a husband, Raymund of Poitou, for the infant heiress Constance. But the great problem with which he had to deal was the progress of the atabeg Zengi of Mosul. In 1137 he was beaten near Barin, and escaping into the fort was surrounded and forced to capitulate. A little later, however, he greatly improved his position by strengthening his alliance with the vizier of Damascus, who also had to fear the progress of Zengi (1140); and in this way he was able to capture the fort of Banias, to the N. of Lake Tiberias. Fulk also strengthened the kingdom on the south; while his butler, Paganus, planted the fortress of Krak to the south of the Dead Sea, and helped to give the kingdom an access towards the Red Sea, he himself constructed Blanche Garde and other forts on the S.W. to overawe the garrison of Ascalon, which was still held by the Mahommedans, and to clear the road towards Egypt. Twice in Fulk’s reign the eastern emperor, John Comnenus, appeared in northern Syria (1137 and 1142); but his coming did not affect the king, who was able to decline politely a visit which the emperor proposed to make to Jerusalem. In 1143 he died, leaving two sons, who both became kings, as Baldwin III. and Amalric I.
Fulk continued the tradition of good statesmanship and sound churchmanship which Baldwin I. and Baldwin II. had begun. William of Tyre speaks of him as a fine soldier, an able politician, and a good son of the church, and only blames him for partiality to his friends, and a forgetfulness of names and faces, which placed him at a disadvantage and made him too dependent on his immediate intimates. Little, perhaps, need be made of these censures: the real fault of Fulk was his neglect to envisage the needs of the northern principalities, and to head a combined resistance to the rising power of Zengi of Mosul.
His reign in Jerusalem is narrated by R. Röhricht (Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem, Innsbruck, 1898), and has been made the subject of a monograph by G. Dodu (De Fulconis Hierosolymitani regno, Paris, 1894). (E. Br.)
FULK (d. 900), archbishop of Reims, and partisan of Charles
the Simple in his struggle with Odo, count of Paris, was elected
to the see as archbishop in 883 upon the death of Hincmar.
In 887 he was engaged in a struggle with the Normans who
invaded his territories. Upon the deposition of Charles the Fat
he sided with Charles the Simple in his contest for the West
Frankish dominions against Count Odo of Paris, and crowned
him king in his own metropolitan church at Reims after most
of the nobles had gone over to Odo (893). Upon the death of
Odo he succeeded in having Charles recognized as king by a
majority of the West Frankish nobility. In 892 he obtained
special privileges for his province from Pope Formosus, who
promised that thereafter, when the archbishopric became
vacant, the revenues should not be enjoyed by anyone while
the vacancy existed, but should be reserved for the new incumbent,
provided the election took place within the canonical
limit of three months. From 898 until his death he held the
office of chancellor, which for some time afterwards was regularly
filled by the archbishop of Reims. In his efforts to keep the
wealthy abbeys and benefices of the church out of the hands
of the nobles, he incurred the hatred of Baldwin, count
of Flanders, who secured his assassination on the 17th of
June 900, a crime which the weak Carolingian monarch left
unpunished.
Fulk left some letters, which are collected in Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cxxxi. 11-14.
FULKE, WILLIAM (1538–1589), Puritan divine, was born
in London and educated at Cambridge. After studying law for
six years, he became a fellow at St John’s College, Cambridge,
in 1564. He took a leading part in the “vestiarian” controversy,
and persuaded the college to discard the surplice. In consequence
he was expelled from St. John’s for a time, but in 1567 he became
Hebrew lecturer and preacher there. After standing unsuccessfully
for the headship of the college in 1569, he became chaplain
to the earl of Leicester, and received from him the livings of
Warley, in Essex, and Dennington in Suffolk. In 1578 he was
elected master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. As a Puritan
controversialist he was remarkably active; in 1580 the bishop
of Ely appointed him to defend puritanism against the Roman
Catholics, Thomas Watson, ex-bishop of Lincoln (1513–1584),
and John Feckenham, formerly abbot of Westminster, and in
1581 he was one of the disputants with the Jesuit, Edmund
Campion, while in 1582 he was among the clergy selected
by the privy council to argue against any papist. His
numerous polemical writings include A Defense of the sincere true Translations of the holie Scriptures into the English tong (London, 1583), and confutations of Thomas Stapleton (1535–1598), Cardinal Allen and other Roman Catholic
controversialists.
FULK NERRA (c. 970–1040), count of Anjou, eldest son of Count Geoffrey I., “Grisegonelle” (Grey Tunic) and Adela of Vermandois, was born about 970 and succeeded his father in the countship of Anjou on the 21st of July 987. He was successful in repelling the attacks of the count of Rennes and laying the foundations of the conquest of Touraine (see Anjou). In this connexion he built a great number of strong castles, which has led in modern times to his being called “the great builder.” He also founded several religious houses, among them the abbeys
of Beaulieu, near Loches (c. 1007), of Saint-Nicholas at Angers (1020) and of Ronceray at Angers (1028), and, in order to expiate his crimes of violence, made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land (in 1002–1003, c. 1008 and in 1039). On his return from the third of these journeys he died at Metz in Lorraine on the 21st of June 1040. By his first marriage, with Elizabeth, daughter of Bouchard le Vénérable, count of Vendôme, he had a daughter, Adela, who married Boon of Nevers and transmitted to her children the countship of Vendôme. Elizabeth having died in 1000, Fulk married Hildegarde of Lorraine, by whom he had a son, Geoffrey Martel (q.v.), and a daughter Ermengarde, who married Geoffrey, count of Gâtinais, and was the mother of Geoffrey “le Barbu” (the Bearded) and of Fulk “le Réchin” (see Anjou).
See Louis Halphen, Le Comté d’Anjou au XI e siècle (Paris, 1906). The biography of Fulk Nerra by Alexandre de Salies, Histoire de Foulques Nerra (Angers, 1874) is confused and uncritical. A very summary biography is given by Célestin Port, Dictionnaire historique, géographique et biographique de Maine-et-Loire (3 vols., Paris-Angers, 1874–1878), vol. ii. pp. 189-192, and there is also a sketch in Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin Kings (2 vols., London, 1887), vol. i. ch. iii. (L. H.*)
FÜLLEBORN, GEORG GUSTAV (1769–1803), German philosopher, philologist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Glogau, Silesia, on the 2nd of March 1769, and died at Breslau on the 6th of February 1803. He was educated at the University of Halle, and was made doctor of philosophy in recognition of his thesis De Xenophane, Zenone et Gorgia. He took diaconal orders in 1791, but almost immediately became professor of classics at Breslau. His philosophical works include annotations to Garve’s translation of the Politics of Aristotle (1799–1800), and a large share in the Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie (published in twelve parts between 1791 and 1799), in which he collaborated with Forberg, Reinhold and Niethammer. In philology he wrote Encyclopaedia philologica sive primae lineae Isagoges in antiquorum studia (1798; 2nd ed., 1805); Kurze Theorie des lateinischen Stils (1793); Leitfaden der Rhetorik (1802); and an annotated edition of the Satires of Persius. Under the pseudonym “Edelwald Justus” he published several collections of popular tales—Bunte Blätter (1795); Kleine Schriften zur Unterhaltung (1798); Nebenstunden (1799). After his death were published Taschenbuch für Brunnengäste (1806) and Kanzelreden (1807). He was a frequent contributor to the press, where his writings were very popular.
See Schummel, Gedächtnisrede (1803) and Garve und Fülleborn; Meusel, Gelehrtes Teutschland, vol. ii.
