joints are liable to be gradually enlarged along the course of the underground
waterflow until caves are formed of great size and intricacy.
Infilled Joints.—Joints which have been so enlarged by solution are sometimes filled again completely or partially by minerals brought thither in solution by the water traversing the rock; calcite, barytes and ores of lead and copper may be so deposited. In this way many valuable mineral veins have been formed. Widened joints may also be filled in by detritus from the surface, or, in deep-seated portions of the crust, by heated igneous rock, forced from below along the planes of least resistance. Occasionally even sedimentary rocks may be forced up joints from below, as in the case of the so-called “sandstone dykes.”
 |
| Joints in Limestone Quarry near Mallow, co. Cork. (G. V. Du Noyer.) |
Practical Utility of Joints.—An important feature in the joints of stratified rocks is the direction in which they intersect each other. As the result of observations we learn that they possess two dominant trends, one coincident in a general way with the direction in which the strata are inclined to the horizon, the other running transversely approximately at right angles. The former set is known as dip-joints, because they run with the dip or inclination of the rocks, the latter is termed strike-joints, inasmuch as they conform to the general strike or mean outcrop. It is owing to the existence of this double series of joints that ordinary quarrying operations can be carried on. Large quadrangular blocks can be wedged off that would be shattered if exposed to the risk of blasting. A quarry is usually worked on the dip of the rock, hence strike-joints form clean-cut faces in front of the workmen as they advance. These are known as backs, and the dip-joints which traverse them as cutters. The way in which this double set of joints occurs in a quarry may be seen in the figure, where the parallel lines which traverse the shaded and unshaded faces mark the successive strata. The broad white spaces running along the length of the quarry behind the seated figure are strike-joints or backs, traversed by some highly inclined lines which mark the position of the dip-joints or cutters. The shaded ends looking towards the spectator are cutters from which the rock has been quarried away on one side. In crystalline (igneous) rocks, bedding is absent and very often there is no horizontal jointing to take its place; the joint planes break up the mass more irregularly than in stratified rocks. Granite, for example, is usually traversed by two sets of chief or master-joints cutting each other somewhat obliquely. Their effect is to divide the rock into long quadrangular, rhomboidal, or even polygonal columns. But a third set may often be noticed cutting across the columns, though less continuous and dominant than the others. When these transverse joints are few in number, columns many feet in length can be quarried out entire. Such monoliths have been from early times employed in the construction of obelisks and pillars. (J. A. H.)
JOINTURE, in law, a provision for a wife after the death of her
husband. As defined by Sir E. Coke, it is “a competent livelihood
of freehold for the wife, of lands or tenements, to take effect
presently in possession or profit after the death of her husband,
for the life of the wife at least, if she herself be not the cause of
determination or forfeiture of it” (Co. Litt. 36b). A jointure
is of two kinds, legal and equitable. A legal jointure was first
authorized by the Statute of Uses. Before this statute a husband
had no legal seisin in such lands as were vested in another to his
“use,” but merely an equitable estate. Consequently it was
usual to make settlements on marriage, the most general form
being the settlement by deed of an estate to the use of the
husband and wife for their lives in joint tenancy (or “jointure”),
so that the whole would go to the survivor. Although, strictly
speaking, a jointure is a joint estate limited to both husband and
wife, in common acceptation the word extends also to a sole
estate limited to the wife only. The requisites of a legal jointure
are: (1) the jointure must take effect immediately after the
husband’s death; (2) it must be for the wife’s life or for a greater
estate, or be determinable by her own act; (3) it must be made
before marriage—if after, it is voidable at the wife’s election, on
the death of the husband; (4) it must be expressed to be in satisfaction
of dower and not of part of it. In equity, any provision
made for a wife before marriage and accepted by her (not being
an infant) in lieu of dower was a bar to such. If the provision
was made after marriage, the wife was not barred by such provision,
though expressly stated to be in lieu of dower; she was
put to her election between jointure and dower (see Dower).
JOINVILLE, the name of a French noble family of Champagne,
which traced its descent from Étienne de Vaux, who lived at
the beginning of the 11th century. Geoffroi III. (d. 1184), sire
de Joinville, who accompanied Henry the Liberal, count of
Champagne, to the Holy Land in 1147, received from him the
office of seneschal, and this office became hereditary in the house
of Joinville. In 1203 Geoffroi V., sire de Joinville, died while on
a crusade, leaving no children. He was succeeded by his brother
Simon, who married Beatrice of Burgundy, daughter of the count
of Auxonne, and had as his son Jean (q.v.), the historian and
friend of St Louis. Henri (d. 1374), sire de Joinville, the grandson
of Jean, became count of Vaudémont, through his mother,
Marguerite de Vaudémont. His daughter, Marguerite de Joinville,
married in 1393 Ferry of Lorraine (d. 1415), to whom she
brought the lands of Joinville. In 1552, Joinville was made
into a principality for the house of Lorraine. Mlle de Montpensier,
the heiress of Mlle de Guise, bequeathed the principality
of Joinville to Philip, duke of Orleans (1693). The castle, which
overhung the Marne, was sold in 1791 to be demolished. The
title of prince de Joinville (q.v.) was given later to the third son
of King Louis Philippe. Two branches of the house of Joinville
have settled in other countries: one in England, descended from
Geoffroi de Joinville, sire de Vaucouleurs, and brother of the
historian, who served under Henry III. and Edward I.; the other,
descended from Geoffroi de Joinville, sire de Briquenay, and son
of Jean, settled in the kingdom of Naples.
See J. Simonnet, Essai sur l’histoire et la généalogie des seigneurs de Joinville (1875); H. F. Delaborde, Jean de Joinville et les seigneurs de Joinville (1894). (M. P.*)
JOINVILLE, FRANÇOIS FERDINAND PHILIPPE LOUIS MARIE, Prince de (1818–1900), third son of Louis Philippe,
duc d’Orléans, afterwards king of the French, was born at Neuilly
on the 14th of August 1818. He was educated for the navy, and
became lieutenant in 1836. His first conspicuous service was
at the bombardment of San Juan de Ulloa, in November 1838,
when he headed a landing party and took the Mexican general
Arista prisoner with his own hand at Vera Cruz. He was promoted
captain, and in 1840 was entrusted with the charge of
bringing the remains of Napoleon from St Helena to France. In
1844 he conducted naval operations on the coast of Morocco,
bombarding Tangier and occupying Mogador, and was recompensed
with the grade of vice-admiral. In the following year he
published in the Revue des deux mondes an article on the deficiencies
of the French navy which attracted considerable attention,
and by his hostility to the Guizot ministry, as well as by an
affectation of ill-will towards Great Britain, he gained considerable
popularity. The revolution of 1848 nevertheless swept him
away with the other Orleans princes. He hastened to quit
Algeria, where he was then serving, and took refuge at Claremont,
in Surrey, with the rest of his family. In 1861, upon the breaking
out of the American Civil War, he proceeded to Washington,
and placed the services of his son and two of his nephews at the
disposal of the United States government. Otherwise, he was
little heard of until the overthrow of the Empire in 1870, when
he re-entered France, only to be promptly expelled by the
government of national defence. Returning incognito, he joined
the army of General d’Aurelle de Paladines, under the assumed
name of Colonel Lutherod, fought bravely before Orleans, and
afterwards, divulging his identity, formally sought permission
to serve. Gambretta, however, arrested him and sent him back
to England. In the National Assembly, elected in February 1871,
the prince was returned by two departments and elected to sit
for the Haute Marne, but, by an arrangement with Thiers, did
