account of its not being made the county-seat. The town was laid out again in 1835 by Ebenezer Martin (son of Absalom Martin) and was called Martinsville; the present name was substituted a few years later. The Martins and other pioneers are buried in Walnut Grove Cemetery within the city limits. Martins Ferry was incorporated as a town in 1865 and chartered as a city in 1885.
MARTINUZZI, GEORGE [György Utiešenović] (1482–1551), Hungarian statesman, who, since he usually signed himself
“Frater Georgius,” is known in Hungarian history as Frater
György or simply The Frater, was born at Kamičic in Croatia,
the son of Gregory Utiešenović, a Croatian gentleman. His
mother was a Martinuzzi, a Venetian patrician family. From
his eighth to his twentieth year he was attached to the court
of John Corvinus; subsequently, entering the service of the
Zapolya family, he saw something of warfare under John Zapolya
but, tiring of a military life, he entered the Paulician Order in
his twenty-eighth year. His historical career began when his
old patron Zapolya, now king of Hungary, forced to fly before
his successful rival Ferdinand, afterwards the emperor Ferdinand
I., sent him on a diplomatic mission to Hungary. It was
due to his tact and ability that John recovered Buda (1529),
and henceforth Frater György became his treasurer and chief
counsellor. In 1534 he became bishop of Grosswardein; in 1538
he concluded with Austria the peace of Grosswardein, whereby
the royal title and the greater part of Hungary were conceded
to Zapolya. King John left the Frater the guardian of his
infant son John Sigismund, who was proclaimed and crowned
king of Hungary, the Frater acting as regent. He frustrated
all the attempts of the queen mother, Isabella, to bring in the
Austrians, and when, in 1541, an Austrian army appeared
beneath the walls of Buda, he arrested the queen and applied
to the Porte for help. On the 28th of August 1541, the Frater
did homage to the sultan, but during his absence with the baby
king in the Turkish camp, the grand vizier took Buda by subtlety.
Then only the Frater recognized the necessity of a composition
with both Austria and Turkey. He attained it by the treaty
of Gyula (Dec. 29, 1541), whereby western Hungary fell to
Ferdinand, while Transylvania, as an independent principality
under Turkish suzerainty, reverted to John Sigismund. It
included, besides Transylvania proper, many Hungarian counties
on both sides of the Theiss, and the important city of Kassa.
It was the Frater’s policy to preserve Transylvania neutral and
intact by cultivating amicable relations with Austria without
offending the Porte. It was a difficult policy, but succeeded
brilliantly for a time. In 1545, encouraged by the growing
unpopularity of Ferdinand, owing to his incapacity to defend
Hungary against the Turks, the Frater was tempted to unite
Austrian Hungary to Transylvania and procure the election of
John Sigismund as the national king. But recognizing that this
was impossible, he aimed at an alliance with Ferdinand on
terms of relative equality, and to this system he adhered till his
death. Queen Isabella, who hated the Frater and constantly
opposed him, complained of him to the sultan, who commanded
that either the traitor himself or his head should be sent to
Constantinople (1550). A combination was then formed against
him of the queen, the hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia and
the Turks; but the Frater shut the queen up in Gyula-Fehérvár,
drove the hospodars out of Transylvania, defeated the Turks at
Déva, and finally compelled Isabella to accept a composition
with Austria very profitable to her family and to Transylvania,
at the same time soothing the rage of the sultan by flatteries and
gifts. This compact, a masterpiece of statesmanship, was confirmed
by the diet of Kolozsvár in August 1551. The Frater
retained the governorship of Transylvania, and was subsequently
consecrated archbishop of Esztergom and received the red hat.
Thus Hungary was once more reunited, but the inability of
Ferdinand to defend it against the Turks, as promised, forced
the Frater, for the common safety, to resume the payment of
tribute to the Porte in December 1551. Unfortunately, the
Turks no longer trusted a diplomatist they could not understand,
while Ferdinand suspected him of an intention to secure Hungary
for himself. When the Turks (in 1551) took Csanád and other
places, the Frater and the imperial generals Castaldo and
Pallavicini combined their forces against the common foe; but
when the Frater privately endeavoured to mediate between the
Turks and the Hungarians, Castaldo represented him to Ferdinand
as a traitor, and asked permission to kill him if necessary. The
Frater’s secretary Marco Aurelio Ferrari was hired, and stabbed
his master from behind at the castle of Alvinczy while reading
a letter, on the 18th of December 1551; but the cardinal, though
in his sixty-ninth year, fought for his life, and was only
despatched with the aid of Pallavicini and a band of bravos.
Ferdinand took the responsibility of the murder on himself.
He sent to Julius III. an accusation of treason against the Frater
in eighty-seven articles, and after long hesitation, and
hearing one hundred and sixteen witnesses, the pope exonerated
Ferdinand of blame.
See A. Bechet, Histoire du ministère du cardinal Martinusius (Paris, 1715); O. M. Utiešenović, Lebensgeschichte des Cardinals Georg Utiešenović (Vienna, 1881); Codex epistolaris Fratris Georgii 1535–1551, ed. A. Károlyi (Budapest, 1881). But the most vivid presentation of Frater is to be found in M. Jókai’s fine historical romance, Brother George (Hung.) (Budapest, 1893). (R. N. B.)
MARTIUS, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON (1794–1868),
German botanist and traveller, was born on the 17th of April
1794 at Erlangen, where he graduated M.D. in 1814, publishing
as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the botanic garden
of the university. He afterwards devoted himself to botanical
study, and in 1817 he and J. B. von Spix were sent to Brazil
by the king of Bavaria. They travelled from Rio de Janeiro
through several of the southern and eastern provinces of Brazil,
and ascended the river Amazon to Tabatinga, as well as some of
its larger affluents. On his return to Europe in 1820 he was
appointed conservator of the botanic garden at Munich, and in
1826 professor of botany in the university there, and held both
offices till 1864. He devoted his chief attention to the flora of
Brazil, and in addition to numerous short papers he published
the Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium (1823–1832,
3 vols.) and Icones selectae Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Brasiliensium
(1827), both works being finely illustrated. An account
of his travels in Brazil appeared in 3 vols. 4to, 1823–1831, with
an atlas of plates, but probably the work by which he is best
known is his Historia Palmarum (1823–1850) in 3 large folio
volumes, of which one describes the palms discovered by himself
in Brazil. In 1840 he began the Flora Brasiliensis, with the
assistance of the most distinguished European botanists, who
undertook monographs of the various orders. Its publication
was continued after his death under the editorship of A. W.
Eichler (1839–1887) until 1887, and subsequently of Ignaz von
Urban. He also edited several works on the zoological collections
made in Brazil by Spix, after the death of the latter in
1826. On the outbreak of potato disease in Europe he investigated
it and published his observations in 1842. He also
published works and short papers on the aborigines of Brazil,
on their civil and social condition, on their past and probable
future, on their diseases and medicines, and on the languages
of the various tribes, especially the Tupi. He died at Munich
on the 13th of December 1868.
MARTOS, CHRISTINO (1830–1893), Spanish politician, was born at Granada on the 13th of September 1830. He was educated there and at Madrid University, where his Radicalism soon got him into trouble, and he narrowly escaped being expelled for his share in student riots and other demonstrations against the governments of Queen Isabella. He distinguished himself as a journalist on El Tribuno. He joined O’Donnell and Espartero in 1854 against a revolutionary cabinet, and shortly afterwards turned against O’Donnell to assist the Democrats and Progressists under Prim, Rivero, Castelar, and Sagasta in the unsuccessful movements of 1866, and was obliged to go abroad. His political career had not prevented Martos from rising into note at the bar, where he was successful for forty years. After remaining abroad three years, he returned to Spain to take his seat in the Cortes of 1869 after the revolution
