introduced. They must have gradually appeared as a means of
surmounting the difficulties engendered by the recoil of the piece
and of transport of the early guns and their cradles. Andrea
Redusio mentions in Chronicon Tarvisinum the use of two
wheeled bombard carriages at the siege of Quero by the Venetians
in 1376. It does not follow that these weapons were of large
dimensions, as the term “bombard” was apphcd to small guns
as well as to the more ponderous types.
The ancient carriages used on land are remarkable from the fact that in general design they contain the main principles which have been included in field carriages up to the present day. Until 1870 the body of all field carriages was made of wood. In an early type the trail portion was made of a solid baulk of timber supported at the front by a hard wood axletree, on the arms of which the wheels were placed (iron axletrees were introduced by Gribeauval in 1765). The gun resting in its wooden cradle was carried in bearings on the trail immediately over the axletree (fig. 4), the cradle being provided with an axle or trunnions for the purpose. For giving elevation a wood arc was fixed to the trail towards the rear end, and the breech end could be moved up and down along this arc and fixed at certain positions by a pin passing through both cradle and arc.
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| From Clephan, Early Ordnance. |
| Fig. 4.—Early Field Gun. |
About the middle of the 15th century the trunnions were formed with the gun—the wood cradle therefore became unnecessary and was discarded. The carriage was then formed of two strong cheeks or sides of wood fastened together by four wood transoms. At the front end the cheeks were secured to the wooden axletree, which was strengthened by a bar of iron let into its under side. Trunnion bearings were cut in the upper surface of the cheeks over the axletree, and these were lined with iron, while the trunnions were secured in position by iron cap-squares. Elevation was given by a wedge or “quoin” being placed under the breech and supported by a transom or stool bed. For transport the trail end of the carriage was supported on a limber, a pintle on the limber body passing through a hole in the trail. One set of shafts were fixed to the limber, and a single horse was harnessed to them; the remainder of the team were attached in pairs in front. A driver was provided for every two pairs of horses. In Italy oxen were often yoked to the larger guns instead of horses. Tartaglia mentions in his Nova scientia (1562) that 28 oxen were required for a gun 15 ft. in length and weighing 13,000 ℔; horses were used for small guns only.
For service on board ship the difficulties of the cramped situation seem to have been surmounted in an ingenious manner. In the “Mary Rose,” sunk in the reign of Henry VIII., the brass guns with trunnions were mounted on short wood carriages provided with four small wood wheels called “trucks” and fastened to the gun ports by rope breechings. The iron breech-loading guns were employed in restricted positions where loading at the muzzle would be difficult. They had no trunnions and were mounted in a wood cradle, the under side of which was grooved to enable it to slide on a directing bar.
At the end of the 17th century not much progress had been
made. The larger guns were mounted on short wood carriages
having two or four “trucks.” The guns and carriages recoiled
along the vessel's deck, and where this endangered the masts
or other structures the recoil was hindered by soft substances
being laid down in the path of the recoil.
Fig. 5.—Truck Carriage.
The small guns were mounted in iron Y pieces—the upper arms being provided with bearings for the gun trunnions—and the stalk formed a pivot which rested in a socket in the vessel’s side or on a wall, so that the gun could be turned to any quarter.
Similar carriages (fig. 5) existed until the advent of rifled guns, but a few small improvements, such as screw elevating gear in place of the quoin, had been approved. Cast iron standing carriages were also, about 1825, used on land for hot climates and situations not much exposed.
The earliest guns were not provided with sights or other
means for directing them. This was not important, as the range
seldom exceeded 100 yds. As, however, ranges
became longer, some means became necessary for
giving the correct line and elevation (see also Sights). The
direction for fine was easily obtained by looking over the gun andSighting.
moving the carriage trail to the right or left as was necessary.
For elevation an instrument invented by Tartaglia called a
Gunner's Quadrant (sometimes also called a Gunner’s Square)
was used; this was a graduated quadrant of a circle (fig. 6)
connecting a long and
short arm forming a
right angle; a line with
a plummet hung from
the angle in such a
Fig. 6.—Gunner’s Quadrant.
manner that on the long
arm being placed along
the bore near the muzzle
the plummet hung down
against the quadrant
and indicated the degrees
of elevation given to the piece. The quadrant was divided
into 90° and also into 12 parts; it was continued past the
short arm for some degrees to enable depression to be given
to the gun. The instrument was also used for surveying in
obtaining the heights of buildings, and is still much employed
for elevating guns in its cUnometer form, in which a level takes
the place of the plummet.
For short range firing a chspart sight was in use early in the 17th century. A notch was cut on the top of the breech or base ring, and on the muzzle ring a notched fore sight (called the dispart sight) was placed in the same vertical plane as the notch, and of such a height that a line stretched from the top of the breech ring notch to the notch of the foresight was parallel to the axis of the bore. These sights were well enough for close, horizontal fire and so long as the enemy were within what was called “point blank” range; that is the range to the first graze, on a horizontal plane, of the shot when fired from a gun the axis of which is horizontal. As this range depends entirely, other things being equal, on the height of the gun’s axis above the horizontal plane, it is not very definite. When, however, the enemy were at a greater distance, elevation had to be given to the gun and, as a quadrant was slow and not easy to use, there was introduced an instrument, called a Gunner’s Rule (see The Art of Gunnery, by Nathanael Nye, 1670), which was really a primitive form of tangent sight. This was a flat brass
