on Injurious Insects, which was distributed to persons interested in this line of inquiry, who readily sent in the results of their researches, and was thus the beginning of the well-known Annual Series of Reports on Injurious Insects and Farm Pests. In 1881 Miss Ormerod published a special report on the “turnip-fly,” and in 1882 was appointed consulting entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society, a post she held until 1892. For several years she was lecturer on scientific entomology at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Her fame was not confined to England; she received silver and gold medals from the University of Moscow for her models of insects injurious to plants, and her treatise on The Injurious Insects of South Africa showed how wide was her range. In 1899 she received the large silver medal from the Société Nationale d’Acclimatation de France. Among others of her works are the Cobden Journals, Manual of Injurious Insects, and Handbook of Insects injurious to Orchard and Bush Fruits. Almost the last honour which fell to her was the honorary degree of LL.D. of Edinburgh University—a unique distinction, for she was the first woman upon whom the university had conferred this degree. The dean of the legal faculty in making the presentation aptly summoned up Miss Ormerod’s services as follows: “The pre-eminent position which Miss Ormerod holds in the world of science is the reward of patient study and unwearying observation. Her investigations have been chiefly directed towards the discovery of methods for the prevention of the ravages of those insects which are injurious to orchard, field and forest. Her labours have been crowned with such success that she is entitled to be hailed the protectress of agriculture and the fruits of the earth—a beneficent Demeter of the 19th century.” She died at St Albans on the 19th of July 1901.
ORMOC, a town of the province of Leyte, island of Leyte, Philippine Islands, on the W. coast about 35 m. S.W. of Tacloban.
Pop. (1903), after the annexation of Albuera, 20,761. There
are thirty-three barrios or villages in the town, and the largest
of them had a population in 1903 of 5419. The language is
Visayan. Ormoc is in a great hemp-producing region and is
open to coast trade.
ORMOLU (Fr. or moulu, gold ground or pounded), an alloy of copper and zinc, sometimes with an addition of tin. The name
is also used to describe gilded brass or copper. The tint of
ormolu approximates closely to that of gold; it is heightened
by a wash of gold lacquer, by immersion in dilute sulphuric
acid, or by burnishing. The principal use of ormolu is for the
mountings of furniture. With it the great French ebénistes
of the 18th century obtained results which, in the most finished
examples, are almost as fine as jewelers’ work. The mounts
were usually cast and then chisel led with extraordinary skill
and delicacy.
ORMOND, a village and winter resort of Volusia county, Florida, U.S.A., about 68 m. by rail S. of St Augustine. It is
situated on the Halifax river, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean
extending for 25 m. along the E. coast of Florida. Pop. (1900)
595; (1905 state census) 689. It is served by the Florida
East Coast Railway. The Halifax river region is famous for
its excellent oranges and grape-fruit. The hard and compact
Ormond-Daytona beach, about 200 ft. wide at low tide and about
20 m. long, offers exceptional facilities for driving, motoring and
bicycling; on it are held the annual tournaments of the Florida
East Coast Automobile Association. The old King’s Road, built
by the English between 1763 and 1783, from St Mary’s, Georgia,
some 400 m. to the south, has been improved for automobiles
between Ormond and Jacksonville. About 2 m. west of Ormond
are the ruins of an old sugar mill, probably dating from the
last quarter of the 18th century and not, as is frequently said,
from the Spanish occupation in the 16th century. About 5 m.
south of Ormond and also on the Halifax river is another popular
winter resort, Daytona (pop. 1900, 1690; 1905, state census,
2199), founded in 1870 as Tomoka by Mathias Day of Mansfield,
Ohio, in whose honour it was renamed Daytona in 1871. Its
streets and drives are shaded by live oaks, palmettos, hickories
and magnolias.
ORMONDE, EARL AND MARQUESS OF, titles still held
by the famous Irish family of Butler (q.v.), the name being taken from a district now part of Co. Tipperary. In 1328 James Butler (c. 1305–1337). a son of Edmund Butler, was created earl of Ormonde, one reason for his elevation being the fact that his wife Eleanor, a daughter of Humfrey Bohun, earl of Hereford, was a granddaughter of King Edward I. His son James, the 2nd earl (1331–1382), was four times governor
of Ireland; the latter’s grandson James, the 4th earl (d. 1452),
held the same position several times, and won repute not only
as a soldier, but as a scholar. His son James, the 5th earl (1420–c. 1461),
was created an English peer as earl of Wiltshire in 1449.
A truculent partisan of the house of Lancaster, he was lord
high treasurer of England in 1455 and again in 1459, and was
taken prisoner after the battle of Towton in 1461. He and his
two brothers were than at tainted, and he died without issue,
the exact date of his death being unknown. The attainder was
repealed in the Irish parliament in 1476, when his brother
Sir John Butler (c. 1422–1478), who had been pardoned by
Edward IV. a few years previously, became 6th earl of Ormonde.
John, who was a fine hnguist, served Edward IV. as ambassador
to many European princes, and this king is said to have described
him as “the goodliest knight he ever beheld and the finest
gentleman in Christendom.” His brother Thomas, the 7th
earl (c. 1424–1515), a courtier and an English baron under
Richard III. and Henry VII., was ambassador to France and
to Burgundy; he left no sons, and on his death in August 15 15
his earldom reverted to the crown.
Margaret, a daughter of this earl, married Sir William Boleyn of Blickling, and their son Sir Thomas Boleyn (1477–1539) was created earl of Ormonde and of Wiltshire in 1529. He went on several important errands for Henry VIII., during one of which he arranged the preliminaries for the Field of the Cloth of Gold; he was lord privy seal from 1530 to 1536, and served the king in many other ways. He was the father of Henry's queen, Anne Boleyn, but both this lady, and her only brother, George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, had been put to death before their father died in March 1539.
Meanwhile in 1513 the title of earl of Ormonde had been assumed by Sir Piers Butler (c. 1467–1539), a cousin of the 7th earl, and a man of great influence in Ireland. He was lord deputy, and later lord treasurer of Ireland, and in 1528 he surrendered his claim to the earldom of Ormonde and was created earl of Ossory. Then in 1538 he was made earl of Ormonde, this being a new creation; however, he counts as the 8th earl of the Butler family. In 1550 his second son Richard (d. 1571) was created Viscount Mountgarret, a title still held by the Butlers. The 8th earl’s son, James, the 9th earl (c. 1490–1546), lord high treasurer of Ireland, was created Viscount Thurles in 1536. In 1544 an act of parliament confirmed him in the possession of his earldom, which, for practical purposes, was declared to be the creation of 1328, and not the new creation of 1538.
Thomas, the 10th earl (1532–1614), a son of the 9th earl, was lord high treasurer of Ireland and a very prominent personage during the latter part of the 16th century. He was a Protestant and threw his great influence on the side of the English queen and her ministers in their efforts to crush the Irish rebels, but he was perhaps more anxious to prosecute a fierce feud with his hereditary foe, the earl of Desmond, this struggle between the two factions desolating Munster for many years. His successor was his nephew Walter (1569–1633), who was imprisoned from 1617 to 1625 for refusing to surrender the Ormonde estates to his cousin Elizabeth, the wife of Sir R. Preston and the only daughter of the 10th earl. He was deprived of the palatine rights in the county of Tipperary, which had belonged to his ancestors for 400 years, but he recovered many of the family estates after his release from prison in 1625.
Walter’s grandson, James, the 12th earl, was created marquess of Ormonde in 1642 and duke of Ormonde in 1661 (see below); his son was Thomas Butler, earl of Ossory (q.v.), and his grandson was James Butler, 2nd duke of Ormonde (see below).
