which for all its greatness was hindered by want of the modern microscope, to the pathology and bacteriology of the present day. It is Paget’s greatest achievement that he made pathology dependent, in everything, on the use of the microscope — especially the pathology of tumours. He and Virchow may truly be called the founders of modern pathology; they stand together, Paget’s Lectures on Surgical Pathology and Virchow’s Cellular-Pathologie. When Paget, in 1851, began practice near Cavendish Square, he had still to wait a few years more for success in professional life. The “turn of the tide” came about 1854 or 1855; and in 1858 he was appointed surgeon extraordinary to Queen Victoria, and in 1S63 surgeon in ordinary to the prince of Wales. He had for many years the largest and most arduous surgical practice in London. His day’s work was seldom less than sixteen or seventeen hours. Cases sent to him for final judgment, with especial frequency, were those of tumours, and of all kinds of disease of the bones and joints, and all “neurotic” cases having symptoms of surgical disease. His supremacy lay rather in the science than in the art of surgery, but his name is associated also with certain great practical advances. He discovered the disease of the breast and the disease of the bones (osteitis deformans) which are called after his name; and he was the first at the hospital to urge nucleation of the tumour, instead of amputation of the limb, in cases of myeloid sarcoma.
In 1871 he nearly died from infection at a post mortem examination, and, to lighten the weight of his work, was obliged to resign his surgeoncy to the hospital. In this same year he received the honour of a baronetcy. In 1875 he was president of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1877 Hunterian orator. In 1878 he gave up operating, but for eight or ten years longer he still had a very heavy consulting practice. In 1881 he was president of the International Medical Congress held in London; in 1880 he gave, at Cambridge, a memorable address on “Elemental Pathology,” setting forth the likeness of certain diseases of plants and trees to those of the human body. Besides shorter writings he also published Clinical Lectures and Essays (1st ed. 1875) and Studies of Old Case-books (1891). In 1883, on the death of Sir George Jessel, he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university of London. In 1889 he was appointed a member of the royal commission on vaccination. He died in London on the 30th of December 1899, in his eighty-fifth year. Sir James Paget had the gift of eloquence, and was one of the most careful and most delightful speakers of his time. He had a natural and unaffected pleasure in society, and he loved music. He possessed the rare gift of ability to turn swiftly from work to play; enjoying his holidays like a schoolboy, easily moved to laughter, keen to get the maximum of happiness out of very ordinary amusements, emotional in spite of incessant self-restraint, vigorous in spite of constant overwork. In him a certain light-hearted enjoyment was combined with the utmost reserve, unfailing religious faith, and the most scrupulous honour. He was all his life profoundly indifferent toward politics, both national and medical; his ideal was the unity of science and practice in the professional life. (S. P.)
PAGET OF BEAUDESERT, WILLIAM PAGET, 1st Baron
(1506–1563), English statesman, son of William Paget, one of the sergeants-at-mace of the city of London, was born in London in 1506, and was educated at St Paul’s School, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, proceeding afterwards to the university of Paris. Probably through the influence of Stephen Gardiner, who had early befriended Paget, he was employed by Henry VIII. in several important diplomatic missions; in 1532 he was appointed clerk of the signet and soon afterwards of the privy council. He became secretary to Queen Anne of
Cleves in 1539, and in 1543 he was sworn of the privy council and appointed secretary of state, in which position Henry VIII. in his later years relied much on his advice, appointing him one of the council to act during the minority of Edward VI. Paget at first vigorously supported the protector Somerset, while counselling a moderation which Somerset did not always
observe. In 1547 he was made comptroller of the king’s household,
chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and a knight of the
Garter; and in 1549 he was summoned by writ to the House of
Lords as Baron Paget de Beaudesert. About the same time
he obtained extensive grants of lands, including Cannock Chase
and Burton Abbey in Staffordshire, and in London the residence
of the bishops of Exeter, afterwards known successively as
Lincoln House and Essex House, on the site now occupied by
the Outer Temple in the Strand. He also obtained Beaudesert
in Staffordshire, which is still the chief seat of the Paget family. Paget shared Somerset’s disgrace, being committed to the
Tower in 1551 and degraded from the Order of the Garter in
the following year, besides suffering a heavy fine by the Star
Chamber for having profited at the expense of the Crown in his
administration of the duchy of Lancaster. He was, however,
restored to the king’s favour in 1553, and was one of the twenty-six
peers who signed Edward’s settlement of the crown on Lady
Jane Grey in June of that year. He made his peace with Queen
Mary, who reinstated him as a knight of the Garter and in the
privy council in 1553, and appointed him lord privy seal in 1556.
On the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 Paget retired from public
life, and died on the 9th of June 1563.
By his wife Anne Preston he had four sons, the two eldest of whom, Henry (d. 1568) and Thomas, succeeded in turn to the peerage. The youngest son, Charles Paget (d. 1612), was a well-known Catholic conspirator against Queen Elizabeth, in the position of secretary to Archbishop James Beaton, the ambassador of Mary Queen of Scots in Paris; although at times he also played the part of a spy and forwarded information to Walsingham and Cecil. Thomas, 3rd Baron Paget of Beaudesert (c. 1540–1589), a zealous Roman Catholic, was suspected of complicity in Charles’s plots and was at tainted in 1587. But the peerage was restored in 1604 to his son William (1572–1629), 4th Lord Paget, whose son William, the 5th lord (1609–1678), fought for Charles I. at Edgehill. William, the 6th lord (1637–1713), a supporter of the Revolution of 1688, was ambassador at Vienna from 1689 to 1693, and later at Constantinople, having much to do with bringing about the important treaty of Carlowitz in 1699. Henry, the 7th baron (c. 1665–1743), was raised to the peerage during his father’s lifetime as Baron Burton in 1712, being one of the twelve peers created by the Tory ministry to secure a majority in the House of Lords, and was created earl of Uxbridge in 1714. His only son, Thomas Catesby Paget, the author of an Essay on Human Life (1734) and other writings, died in January 1742 before his father, leaving a son Henry (1719–1769), who became 2nd earl of Uxbridge. At the latter’s death the earldom of Uxbridge and barony of Burton became extinct, the older barony of Paget of Beaudesert passing to his cousin Henry Bayly (1744–1812), heir general of the first baron, who in 1784 was created earl of Uxbridge. His second son. Sir Arthur Paget (1771–1840), was an eminent diplomatist during the Napoleonic wars. Sir Edward Paget (1775–1849), the fourth son, served under Sir John Moore in the Peninsula, and was afterwards second in command under Sir Arthur Wellesley; the fifth. Sir Charles Paget (1778–1839), served with distinction in the navy, and rose to the rank of vice-admiral. The eldest son Henry William, 2nd earl of Uxbridge (1768–1854), was in 1815 created marquess of Anglesey (q.v.).
PAGHMAN, a small district of Afghanistan to the west of
Kabul, lying under the Paghman branch of the Hindu Kush
range. It is exceedingly picturesque, the villages clinging to
the sides of the mountain glens from which water is drawn for
irrigation; and excellent fruit is grown.
PAGODA (Port. pagode, a word introduced in the 16th century
by the early Portuguese adventurers in India, reproducing
phonetically some native word, possibly Pers. but-kadah, a
house for an idol, or some form of Sansk. bhagavat, divine,
holy), an Eastern term for a temple, especially a building of
a pyramid shape common in India and the Far East and devoted
to sacred purposes; in Buddhist countries, notably China,
the name of a many-sided tower in which are kept holy relics.
More loosely “pagoda” is used in the East to signify any
non-Christian or non-Mussulman place of worship. Pagoda or
