The elaborate ceremonial might suggest an effort to symbolize the command " Feed My lambs!" given to St Peter, and its transference to Peter's successors. Some such idea underlies the developed ceremonial; but the pallium itself was in its origin no more than an ensign of the episcopal dignity, as it remains in the East, where — under the name of ὠμοφόριον (ώμος, shoulder, φἐρειν, to carry) — it is worn by all bishops. Moreover, whatever symbolism may be evolved from the lambs' wool is vitiated, so far as origins are concerned, by the fact that the papal pallia were at one time made of white linen (see Johannes Diaconus, Vita S. Gregorii M. lib. IV. cap. 8, pallium ejus bysso candente contextum).[1]
The right to wear the pallium seems, in the first instance, to have been conceded by the popes merely as a mark of honour. The first recorded example of the bestowal of the pallium by the popes is the grant of Pope Symmachus in 513 to Cacsarius of Aries, as papal vicar. By the time of Gregory I. it was given not only to vicars but as a mark of honour to distinguish bishops, and it is still conferred on the bishops of Autun, Bamberg, Dol, Lucca, Ostia, Pavia and Verona. St Boniface caused a reforming synod, between 840 and 850, to decree that in future all metropolitan must seek their pallium at Rome (see Boniface's letter to Cuthbert, 78, Monumenta Germaniae, epistolae, III.); and though this rule was not universally followed even until the 13th century, it is now uncanonical for an archbishop to exercise the functions proper to his office until the pallium has been received. Every archbishop must apply for it, personally or by deputy, within three months after his consecration, and it is buried with him at his death (see Archbishop). The pallium is never granted until after payment of considerable dues. This payment, originally supposed to be voluntary, became one of the great abuses of the papacy, especially during the period of the Renaissance, and it was the large amount (raised largely by indulgences) which was paid by Albert, archbishop of Mainz, to the papacy that roused Luther to protest. Though the pallium is thus a vestment distinctive of bishops having metropolitan jurisdiction, it may only be worn by them within their jurisdiction, and then only on certain solemn occasions. The pope alone has the right to wear everywhere and at all times a vestment which is held to symbolize the plenitude of ecclesiastical power.
See P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, II. 23 sqq.; Gresar, “Das römische Pallium und die ältesten liturgischen Schärpen” (in Festschrift zum elfhundertjährigen Jubiläum des campo santo in Rom, Freiburg, 1897); Du Cange, Glossarium s.v. “Pallium”; Joseph Braun, Die liturgische Gewandung im Occident und Orient (Freiburg-i-B., 1907).
PALL-MALL, an obsolete English game of French origin, called in France paille-maille (from palla, ball, and malleus, mallet). Sir Robert Dallington, in his Method for Travel (1598), says: “Among all the exercises of France, I prefer none before the Paille-Maille.” James I., in his Basilikon doron, recommended it as a proper game for Prince Henry, and it was actually introduced into England in the reign of Charles I., or perhaps a few years earlier. Thomas Blount's Glossographia (ed. 1670) describes it as follows: “Pale Maille, a game wherein a round bowle is with a mallet struck through a high arch of iron (standing at either end of an alley), which he that can do at the fewest blows, or at the number agreed on, wins. This game was heretofore used in the long alley near St James's, and vulgarly called Pell-Mell.” The pronunciation here described as “vulgar” afterwards became classic. A mallet and balls used in the game were found in 1845 and are now in the British Museum. The mallet resembles that used in croquet, but its head is curved and its ends sloped towards the shaft. The balls are of boxwood and about one foot in circumference. Pepys describes the alley as of hard sand “dressed with powdered cockle-shells.” The length of the alley varied, that at St James's being about 800 yds. Some alleys had side walls.
PALLONE (Italian for “large ball,” from palla, ball), the national ball game of Italy. It is descended, as are all other court games, such as tennis and peclota, from the two ball games played by the Romans, in one of which a large inflated ball, called follis, was used. The other, probably the immediate ancestor of pallone, was played with a smaller ball, the pila. Pallone was played in Tuscany as early as the 14th century, and is still very popular in northern and central Italy. It is played in a court (sferisterio), usually 100 yds. long and 17 yds. wide. A white line crosses the middle of the court, which is bounded on one side by a high wall, the spectators sitting round the other three sides, usually protected by wire screens. One end of the court is called the battuta and the other the ribtattuta. At the end of the battuta is placed a spring-board, upon which stands the player who receives the service. The implements of the game are the pallone (ball) and the bracciale (bat). The pallone is an inflated ball covered with leather, about 45 in. in diameter. The bracciale is an oak gauntlet, tubular in shape, and covered with long spike-like protuberances. It weighs between five and six pounds and is provided with a grip for the hand. The game is played by two sides—blues and reds—of three men each, the battitore (batter), spalla (back) and terzino (third). At the beginning of a game the battitore stands on the spring-board and receives the ball thrown to him on the bound by a seventh player, the mandarino, who does duty for both sides. The batter may ignore the ball until it comes to him to his liking, when he runs down the spring-board and strikes it with his bracciale over the centre line towards his opponents. The game then proceeds until a player fails to return the ball correctly, or hits it out of bounds, or it touches his person. This counts a point for the adversary. Four points make a game, counting 15, 30, 40 and 50.
See Il Giuoco del pallone, by G. Franceschini (Milan, 1903).
PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768–1806), German bookseller,
a victim of Napoleonic tyranny in Germany, was born at Schorndorf,
in Württemberg, on the 17th of November 1768. Having
been apprenticed to his uncle, the publisher Johann Jakob
Palm (1750–1826), in Erlangen, he married the daughter of the bookseller
Stein in Nuremberg, and in course of time became
proprietor of his father-in-law's business. In the spring of 1806
the firm of Stein sent to the book selling establishment of Stage
in Augsburg a pamphlet (presumably written by Philipp
Christian Yelin in Ansbach) entitled Deutschland in seiner tiefen
Erniedrigung (“Germany in her deep humiliation”), which strongly attacked Napoleon and the behaviour of the French
troops in Bavaria. Napoleon, on being apprised of the violent
attack made upon his régime and failing to discover the actual
author, had Palm arrested and handed over to a military
commission at Braunau on the Bavarian-Austrian frontier, with
peremptory instructions to try and execute the prisoner within
twenty-four hours. Palm was denied the right of defence, and
after a mock trial on the 25th of August 1806 he was shot on the
following day. A life-size bronze statue was erected to his
memory in Braunau in 1866, and on the centenary of his death
numerous patriotic meetings were held in Bavaria.
Sec F. Schultheis, Johann Philipp Palm (Nuremberg, 1860); and J. Rackl, Der nürnberger Buchhändler Johann Philipp Palm (Nuremberg, 1906).
PALM (Lat.palma, Gr. παλάμη), originally the flat of the hand, in which sense it is still used; from this sense the word was transferred as a name of the trees described below. The emblematic use of the word (= prize, honour) represents a further transference from the employment of the palm-leaves as symbols of victory.
The Palms (Palmaccae) have been termed the princes of the vegetable kingdom. Neither the anatomy of their stems nor the conformation of their flowers, however, entitles them to any such high position in the vegetable hierarchy. Their stems are not more complicated in structure than those of the common butcher's broom {(Ruscus); their flowers are for the most part as simple as those of a rush (Juncus). The order Palmaceae
- ↑ Father Joseph Braun, S.J., holds that the pallium, unlike other vestments, had a liturgical origin, and that it was akin to the scarves of office worn by priests and priestesses in pagan rites. See Die pontificalen Gcwänder des Ahendlandes, p. 174 (Freiburg-i-B. 1898).
