Roman Catholic cantons), 60 clergy and about 50,000 adherents. In Austria, though some accessions have been received since the Los von Rom movement began in 1899, the Old Catholic Church has not made much headway; it has some 15 churches and about 15,000 adherents. In Holland the Old Catholic or Jansenist Church has 3 bishops, about 30 congregations and over 8000 adherents. In France the movement headed by Loyson did not go far. There is but one congregation, in Paris, where it has built for itself a beautiful new church on the Boulevard Blanqin. Its priest is George Volet, who was ordained by Herzog, and it has just over 300 members. It is under the supervision of the Old Catholic archbishops of Utrecht. In Italy a branch of the Old Catholic communion was established in 1881 by Count Enrico di Campcllo, a former canon of St Peter's at Rome. A church was opened in Rome by Monsignor Savarese and Count Campello, under the supervision of the bishop of Long Island in the United States, who undertook the superintendence of the congregation in accordance with the regulations laid down by the Lambeth conference. But dissensions arose between the two men. The church in Rome was closed; Savarese returned to the Roman Church; and Campello commenced a reform work in the rural districts of Umbria, under the episcopal guidance of the bishop of Salisbury. This was in 1885. In 1900 Campello returned to Rome, and once more opened a church there. In 1902 he retired from active participation in the work, on account of age and bodily infirmity; and his place at the head of it was taken by Professor Cicchitti of Milan. Campello ultimately returned to the Roman communion. There are half-a-dozen priests, who are either in Roman or Old Catholic orders, and about twice as many congregations. Old Catholicism has spread to America. The Polish Romanists there, in 1899, complained of the rule of Irish bishops; elected a bishop of their own, Herr Anton Kozlowski; presented him to the Old Catholic bishops in Europe for consecration; and he presides over seven congregations in Chicago and the neighbourhood. The Austrian and Italian churches possess no bishops, and the Austrian government refuses to allow the Old Catholic bishops of other countries to perform their functions in Austria. Every Old Catholic congregation has its choral union, its poor relief, and its mutual improvement society. Theological faculties exist at Bonn and Bern, and at the former a residential college for theological students was established by Bishop Reinkens. Old Catholicism has eight newspapers two in Italy, two in Switzerland, and one each in Holland, Germany, Austria and France. It has held reunion conferences at Lucerne in 1892, at Rotterdam in 1894, and at Vienna in 1897. At these, members of the various episcopal bodies have been welcomed. It has also established a quarterly publication, the Revue Internationale de théologie, which has admitted articles in French, German and English, contributed not merely by Old Catholics, but by members of the Anglican, Russian, Greek and Slavonic churches. Old Catholic theologians have been very active, and the work of Döllinger and Reusch on the Jesuits, and the history of the Roman Church by Professor Langen, have attained a European reputation.
An outline of the whole movement up to the year 1875 will be found in The New Reformation, by " Theodorus "(J. Bass MuUinger); and an excellent résumé of the main facts in the history of the movement in each European country, as connected with other developments of liberal thought, and with political history, is giver in the second volume of Dr F. Nipple's Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, vol. ii. (1883). See also A. M. E. Scarth, The Story of the Old Catholic and Kindred Movements (London, 1883); Bühler, Der Altkatholizismus (Leiden, 1880); J. F von Schulte, Der Altkatholicismus (Giessen, 1887); and article in Hauck-Herzog's Realencyk. für prot. Theol. und Kirche, i. 415. For details the following sources may be consulted: (a) For the proceedings of the successive congresses: the Stenographische Berichte, published at Munich, Cologne, Constance, &c.; those of the congress of Constance were summarized in an English form, with other elucidatory matter, by Professor John Mayor, (b) For the questions involved in the consecration of Bishop Reinkens: Rechtsgutachten über die Frage der Anerkennung des altkatholischen Bischofs Dr Reinkens in Bayern (Munich, 1874); Emit Friedberg, Der Staat und d. Bischofswahlen in Deutschland (Leipzig, 1874); F. von Sybel, Das altkatholische Bisthum und das Vermögen d. römischkatholischen Kirchengesellschaften in Preussen (Bonn, 1874). (c) Reinkens's own speeches and pastorals, some of which have been translated into English, give his personal views and experiences; the Life of Huber has been written and published by Eberhard Stirngiebl; and the persecutions to which the Old Catholic clergy were exposed have been set forth in a pamphlet by J. Mayor, Facts and Documents (London, 1875). {d) For Switzerland, C. Herzog, Beiträge zur Vorgeschichte der Christkathol. Kirche der Schweiz (Bern, 1896).
OLD DEER, a parish and village in the district of Buchan,
Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901), 4313. The village lies
on the Deer or South Ugie Water, 1012 m. W. of Peterhead,
and 2 m. from Mintlaw station on the Great North of Scotland
Railway Company's branch line from Aberdeen to Peterhead.
The industries include distilling, brewing, and the manufacture
of woollens, and there are quarries of granite and limestone.
Columba and his nephew Drostan founded a monastery here in
the 6th century, of which no trace remains. A most interesting
relic of the monks was discovered in 1857 in the Cambridge
University library by Henry Bradshaw. It consisted of a small
MS. of the Gospels in the Vulgate, fragments of the liturgy
of the Celtic church, and notes, in the Gaelic script of the 12th
century, referring to the charters of the ancient monastery,
including a summary of that granted by David I. These are
among the oldest examples of Scottish Gaelic. The MS. was also
adorned with Gaelic designs. It had belonged to the monks of
Deer and been in the possession of the University Library since
1715. It was edited by John Stuart (1813–1877) for the Spalding
Club, by whom it was published in 1869 under the title of
The Book of Deer. In 1218 William Comyn, earl of Buchan,
founded the Abbey of St Mary of Deer, now in ruins, ¾ m. farther
up the river than the monastery and on the opposite bank.
Although it was erected for Cistercians from the priory of Kinloss,
near Forres, the property of the Columban monastery was removed
to it. The founder (d. 1233) and his countess were buried
in the church. The parish is rich in antiquities, but the most
noted of them—the Stone of Deer, a sculptured block of syenite,
which stood near the Abbey—was destroyed in 1854. The
thriving village of New Deer (formerly called Auchriddie)
lies about 7 m. W. of the older village; it includes the ruined
castle of Fedderat.
OLDENBARNEVELDT, JOHAN VAN (1547–1619), Dutch
statesman, was born at Amersfoort on the 14th of September 1547. The family from which he claimed descent was of ancient lineage. After studying law at Louvain, Bourges and Heidelberg, and travelling in France and Italy, Oldenbarneveldt settled down to practise in the law courts at the Hague. In religion a moderate
Calvinist, he threw himself with ardour into the revolt against Spanish tyranny and became a zealous adherent of William the Silent. He served as a volunteer for the relief of Haarlem (1573) and again at Leiden (1574). In 1576 he obtained the important post of pensionary of Rotterdam, an office which carried with it official membership of the States of Holland. In this capacity his industry, singular grasp of affairs, and persuasive powers of speech speedily gained for him a position of influence. He was active in promoting the Union of Utrecht (1579) and the acceptance of the count ship of Holland and Zeeland by William {1584) On the assassination of Orange it was at the proposal of Oldenbarneveldt that the youthful Maurice of Nassau was at once elected s tad holder, captain-general and admiral of Holland. During the governorship of Leicester he was the leader of the strenuous opposition offered by the States of Holland to the centralizing policy of the governor. In 1586 he was appointed, in succession to Paul Buys, to the post of Land's Advocate of Holland. This great office, which he held for 32 years, gave to a man of commanding ability and industry unbounded influence in a many headed republic without any central executive authority. Though nominally the servant of the States of Holland he made himself politically the personification of the province which bore more than half the entire charge of the union, and as its mouthpiece in the states-general he practically dominated that assembly. In a brief period he became entrusted with such large and far-reaching authority in all the details o£ administration, as to be virtually “minister of all affairs.”
