Episcopos Catholicos pro causa Italica, in which, like Liverani before him, he boldly attacked the temporal power of the pope. For this he was expelled from the order of Jesuits, his book was put on the Index, and his figure struck out. by the pope’s order, from a picture painted to commemorate the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. A refuge from the anger of the pope was afforded him in the Case Cavour at Turin, the house in which Cavour was born. There he laboured for Italian unity with indomitable energy in the north of Italy, in conjunction with Cardinal d’Andrea in the south, and he collected the signatures of 9000 priests to an address to the pope in opposition to the temporal power, and in favour of abandoning all resistance to the union of Italy under a king of the House of Savoy. He and the 9000 priests were excommunicated on the 6th of October 1862. Passagilia disregarded his excommunication, and continued his work as professor of moral philosophy at Turin, to which he had been appointed in 1861, and began a series of Advent addresses in the church of San Carlo at Milan. But on arriving in order to preach his second sermon he found himself met by an inhibition on the part of Mgr Caccia, the administrator of the archdiocese of Milan. Elected deputy in the Italian parliament, he still advocated strongly the cause of Italian independence, and at a later period wrote a defence of the rights of the episcopate under the title of La Causa di sua eminenza il cardinal d’Andrea. He also (1864) wrote against Renan’s Vie de Jesus. Eight days before his death he endeavoured to be reconciled to the pope, and made a full retractation. He died at Turin on the 12th of March 1887.
PASSAIC, a city of Passaic county. New Jersey, U.S.A., at the head of navigation on the Passaic river, 5 m. S.S.E. of
Paterson. (Pop. (1890), 13,028; (1900), 27,777, of whom 12,900
were foreign-born; (1910 census), 54,773. Passaic is served
by the Erie and the Delaware, Lackawana & Western railways.
The east part of the city is a plain occupied chiefly by factories,
for which water-power is furnished by the river and a canal; the
west part, which is almost wholly residential, extends over hills
which command excellent views. Among the principal buildings
are the city, hall, and the Jane Watson Reid Memorial Library.
The city’s factory products increased in value from $12,804,805
in 1900 to $22,782,725 in 1905, or 77.9%. About one-half of
the value in 1905 was in worsteds, cottons and woollens; other
important manufactures are rubber goods and electrical supplies.
There are large vineyards near the city. A settlement was
established here by the Dutch in 1679, and was called Acquackanonk
or Paterson Landing until the middle of the 19th century.
Passaic was incorporated as a village in 1869, and in 1873 was
chartered as a city.
See W. J. Pape and W. W. Scott, The News History of Passaic (Passaic, 1899).
PASSAU, a town and episcopal see of Germany, in the kingdom
of Bavaria, picturesquely situated at the confluence of the
Danube, the Inn and the Ilz, close to the Austrian frontier,
89 m. N.E. from Munich and 74 S.E. of Regensburg by rail.
Pop. (1900), 18,003, nearly all being Roman Catholics. Passau
consists of the town proper, lying on the rocky tongue of land
between the Danube and the Inn, and of four suburbs, Innstadt
on the right bank of the Inn, Ilzstadt on the left bank of the Ilz,
Anger in the angle between Ilz and the Danube, and St Nikola.
It is one of the most beautiful places on the Danube, a fine effect
being produced by the way in which the houses are piled up
one above another on the heights rising from the river. The
best general view is obtained from the Oberhaus, an old fortress,
now used as a prison, which crowns a hill 300 ft. high on the left
bank of the Danube. Of the eleven churches, the most interesting
is the cathedral of St Stephen, a florid, rococo edifice.
It was built after a fire in the 17th century on the site of a church
said to have been founded in the 5th century; it has two towers,
and contains some valuable relics. Other churches are the
Gothic church of the Holy Ghost; the churches of St Severin,
of St Paul and of St Gertrude; the double church of St Salvator;
the Romanesque church of the Holy Cross; the pilgrimage church
of Our Lady of Succour (Mariahilf); the church of the hospital
of St John; and the Romanesque Votiv Kirche. The post
office occupies the site of a building in which in 1552 the Treaty
of Passau was signed between the emperor Charles V. and
Maurice, elector of Saxony. The fine Dom Platz contains a
statue of the Bavarian king, Maximilian I. The old forts and
bastions of the city have been demolished, but the two linked
fortresses, the Oberhaus and the Niederhaus, are still extant.
The former was built early in the 13th century by the bishop
in consequence of a revolt on the part of the citizens; the
latter, mentioned as early as 737, is now private property.
The chief industries are the manufacture of tobacco, beer, leather,
porcelain, machinery and paper. Large quantities of timber are
floated down the Ilz. The well-known Passau crucibles are
made at the neighbouring village of Obernzell.
Passau is of ancient origin. The first settlement was probably a Celtic one, Boiudurum; this was on the site of the present Innstadt. Afterwards the Romans established a colony of Batavian veterans, the castra balava here. It received civic rights in 1225, and soon became a prosperous place, but much of its history consists of broils between the bishops and the citizens. The strong fortress of the Oberhaus was taken by the Austrians in 1742, and again in 1805. The bishopric of Passau was founded by St Boniface in 738. The diocese was a large one, including until 1468 not only much of Bavaria, but practically the whole of the archduchy of Austria. About 1260 the bishop became a prince of the empire. Amongst the earlier bishops was Pilgrin or Piligrim (d. 991), and among the later ones were the Austrian archdukes, Leopold and Leopold William, the former a brother and the latter a son of the emperor Ferdinand II. In 1803 the bishopric was secularized, and in 1805 its lands came into the possession of Bavaria. The area, which was diminished in the 15th, and again in the 18th century, was then about 350 sq. m., and the population about 50,000. A new bishopric of Passau, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction only, was established in 1817.
See Erhart, Geschichte der Stadt Passau (Passau, 1862–1864); and Morin, Passau (1878). For the history of the bishopric see Schöller, Die Bischöfe von Passau (Passau, 1844); and Schrödl, Passavia sacra. Geschichte des Bislums Passau (Passau, 1879).
PASSERAT, JEAN (1534–1602), French poet, was born at Troyes, on the 18th of October 1534. He studied at the university
of Paris, and is said to have had some curious adventures—at
one time working in a mine. He was, however, a scholar by
natural taste, and became eventually a teacher at the College
de Plessis, and on the death of Ramus was made professor of
Latin in 1572 in the College de France. In the meanwhile
Passerat had studied law, and had composed much agreeable
poetry in the Pleiade style, the best pieces being his short ode
Du Premier jour de mai, and the charming villanelle, J’ai perdu
ma tourterelle. His exact share in the Satyre ménippée (Tours,
1594), the great manifesto of the politique or Moderate Royalist
party when it had declared itself for Henry of Navarre, is
differently stated; but it is agreed that he wrote most of the
verse, and the harangue of the guerrilla chief Rieux is sometimes
attributed to him. The famous lines Sur la journée de Senlis,
in which he commends the duc d’Aumale’s ability in running
away, is one of the most celebrated political songs in French.
Towards the end of his life he became blind. He died in Paris
on the 14th of September 1602.
See a notice by P. Blanchemain prefixed to his edition of Passerat’s Poesies françaises (1880). Among his Latin works should be noticed Kalendae januariae et varia quaedam poemata (2 vols., 1606), addressed chiefly to his friend and patron Henri de Mesmes. For the Satyre ménippée see the edition of Charles Read (1876).
PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure), a term which is used in two main senses: (1) the suffering of pain, and (2) feeling or emotion. The first is chiefly used of the sufferings of Jesus Christ, extending from the time of the agony in the garden until his death on the cross. In this sense passio was used by the early Christian writers, and the term is also applied to the sufferings and deeds of saints and martyrs, synonymously with acta or gesla, a book containing such being known as a “passional” (liber passionalis) or
