yttria into two new bases which he called “ erbia ” and “ terbia, ”
and a true yttria, but in 1860 N. J. Berlin denied the existence
of Mosander's “ erbia, " and gave this name to his “terbia.” The
new erbia has itself proved to be a mixture. Marignac in 1878
separated an ytterbia which was split by Nilson in 1879 into
scandia (the metal of which proved to be identical with Mendeléeff's
predicted eka-boron)and a new ytterbia, which, in turn, was
separated by Urbain in 1907 into neoytterbia and lutecia
(C. A. von Welsbach proposed for these elements the names aldebarianum
and cassiopeium). Berlin's erbia was also examined
by Soret in 1878 and by Cleve in 1879; the new base then
isolated, Soret's X or Cleve's holmia, was split by Lecoq de
Boisbaudran in 1886 into a true holmia and a new oxide dysprosia.
The same erbia also yielded another base, thulia, to
Cleve, in 1879, in addition to true erbia. The original erbia
of Mosander was confirmed by M. A. Delaiontaine in 1878 and
renamed terbia; this base was split by Marignac in 1886 into
gadolinia and true terbia. These relations are schematically
shown below; the true earths are in italics, mixtures in Roman.
Ceria
I
Cefia Lanthana
I I
Lanthana Diqymia
Samaria Didlymia
I .
Samaria Eurtipia Praseodidymia Neodidymia Yqtria
I . I. I .
Yllrza Erbia Terbia
(Mosander) (Mosander)
I I
Terbia Erbia
(Delafpntaine) (BeTlin)
I I I I I
Terlria Gadolinia Ytterbia T hulia Sore5's X Erbia Holinia
I . I . I
Scandw Ytterbia Holmw Dysprosza
Neoylterbia Lutecia-Methods
of Separation.-The small proportions in which the rare earths occur in the mineral kingdom and the general intermixture of several of them renders their efficient separation a matter of much difficulty, which is increased by their striking chemical resemblances. While it is impossible to treat the separations in detail, a general indication of the procedure may be given. The first step is to separate the rare earths from the other components of the mineral. For this purpose the mineral is evaporated with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, or fused with potassium bi sulphate, and the residue extracted with water. The solution of chlorides or sulphates thus obtained is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen, to remove copper, bismuth and molybdenum, and the filtrate, after the ferrous iron has been oxidized with chlorine, is precipitated with oxalic acid. The oxalates (and also thorium oxalate) may be converted into oxides by direct heating, into nitrates by dissolving in nitric acid, or into hydroxides by boiling with potash solution. The thorium may be removed by treating the nitrate solution with hydrogen peroxide, and warming, whereupon it separates as thorium peroxide. The next step consists in neutralizing the nitric acid solution and then saturating with potassium sulphate. Double salts of the general formula R2(SO.,)3 3K2SO4 are formed, of which those of the cerium group are practically insoluble, of the terbium group soluble, and of the ytterbium group very soluble. The sulphates thus obtained may be reconverted into oxalates or oxides and the saturation with potassium sulphate repeated.
To separate the individual metals many different methods have been proposed; these, however, depend on two principles, one, on the different basicities of the metals, the other, on the different solubilities of their salts. Bahr and Bunsen worked out a process of the first type, which utilized the fractional decomposition of the nitrates into oxides on heating. The mixed oxalates are converted into nitrates, which are then mixed with an alkali nitrate to lower the melting-point, and the mixture fused. The nitrates decompose in order of the basicities of the metals, and after a short fusion the residue is extracted with boiling water, and the basic salt which separates when the solution is cooled is filtered off. This'contains the most negative metal; and the filtrate, after evaporation and a repetition of the fusion and extraction, may be caused to yield the other oxides. A second method, based on the same principle, consists in the fractional precipitation by some base, such as ammonia, soda, potash, aniline, &c. The neutral nitrates are dissolved in water, and the base added in such a quantity to precipitate the oxides only partially and very slowly. Obviously the first deposit contains the least basic oxide, which by re-solution as nitrate and re-precipitation yields a purer product. To the filtrate from the first precipitate more of the base is added, and the second less basic oxide is thrown down. By repeating the process all the bases can be obtained more or less pure.
Many processes depending upon the different solubilities of certain salts have been devised. They consist in forming the desired salt and fractionally crystallizing. The mother liquor is concentrated and crystallized, the crystals being added to the filtrate from a recrystallization of the first deposit. These operations are repeated after the manner shown in the following scheme; the letter C denotes crystals, the M.L mother liquor, whilst a bracket means mixing before re-crystallization.
Original Solution
I
e Mit
I
MILC M.L
I I I TTT# I 'I I CI
C MSL C M.L C M.L
1 I I I I I I I I
(If M.L C, M.L C M.L M.L
. w / .Y. Q i.Y1 J
Obviously the fractions
bility as one passes from
contain salts which increase in soluthe left to right, and with sufficient
care and patience this method permits a complete separation. The salts which have been used include the sulphates, nitrates, chromates, formates, oxalates and malonates. R. ]. Meyer (Zeit. anurg. Chem., 1904, 41, p. 97) separates the cerium earths by formin the double potassium carbonates, e.g. K2Ce2(CO¢,)4 . 12H1O, which are soluble in potassium carbonate solution, being precipitated in the order lanthanum, praseodymium, cerium and neodymium on diluting the solution; A. von Welsbach (Chem. News, 1907, 95, p. 196; 1908, 98, pp. 223, 297) separates the metals of the ytterbium group by converting the basic nitrates into double ammonium oxalates and fractionating; C. James (ibid., 1907, 95, p. 181; 1908, 97, pp. 61, 205) formed the oxalates of the yttrium earths and dissolved them in dilute ammonia saturated with ammonium carbonate; by boiling this solution the earths are precipitated in the order yttrium, holmium and dysprosium, and erbium; he also fractionally crystallized the bromates (see, e.g. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1910, 32, p. 517, for thulium). Complex organic reagents are also employed. Neish (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1904, 26, p. 780) used meta-nitrobenzoic acid; O. Holmberg separates neodymium, praseodymium and lanthanum (and also thorium) with meta-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid, and has investigated many other organic salts (see Abs. J. C. S., 1907, ii.' . 90), whilst H. Erdmann and F. Wirth (Ann, IQOS, 361, p. 1805) employ the 1-8 naphthol sulphonates.
In order to determine whether any chosen method for separating these earths is really effective, it is necessary to analyse the fractions. For this purpose two processes are available. We may convert the salt into the oxalate from which the oxide is obtained by heating. A weighed quantity of the oxide is now taken and converted into sulphate by evaporating with dilute sulphuric acid. The sulphate is gently dried until the weight is constant, and from this weight the equivalent of the earth can be calculated. When repeated fractionation is attended by no change in the equivalent we may conclude that only one element is present; This process, however, is only rough, for the elements with which we are dealing have very close equivalents. A more exact method employs the
