road constructed and worked by a Russian company and opened to traffic in 1899 connects Resht with Teheran via Kazvin.
The value of trade probably exceeds £2,000,000, principal exports being rice, raw silk, dry fruit, fish, sheep and cattle, wool and cotton, and cocoons, the principal imports sugar, cotton goods, silkworm “seed” or eggs (£70,160 worth in 1906–7), petroleum, glass and china. The trade in dried silkworm cocoons has increased remarkably since 1893, when only 76,150 ℔ valued at £6475 were exported; during the year 1906–7 ending 20th March, 2,717,540 ℔ Valued at £238,000 were exported. There are telegraph and post offices and branches of the Imperial Bank of Persia and Banque d’Escompte.
Enzeli, the port of Resht in the S.E. corner of the Caspian, is 14 m. N. of Resht, in 37° 29′, N., 49° 28′ E. Pop. 4000. Between it and other ports in the Caspian communication is maintained by the mail-steamers of the Caucasus and Mercury Steam Navigation Company and many vessels of commercial firms with head offices chiefly at Baku. (A. H.-S.)
RESIDENCE (Latin, residere, to remain behind, to dwell,
reside), in general, a place of abode. In law, it usually means
continuance in a place. The ordinary meaning of the word has
been defined as “ the place where an individual eats, drinks and
sleeps, or where his family or his servants eat, drink and sleep ”
(R. v. North Curry, 1825, 4 B. & C. 959). For certain purposes,
however, a man may be said to have his residence not only
where he sleeps, but also at his place of business. See Abode;
Domicile. In ecclesiastical law residence is the continuance
of a spiritual person upon his benefice. As a general rule, it is
necessary for every rector or vicar to reside within his parish,
even though there may be no house of residence annexed to the
benefice. But under certain circumstances the bishop of the
diocese may grant a licence of non-residence (Pluralities Act
1838).
RESIDENT, a political agent or officer representing the
Indian government in certain native states in India. He resides
in the state and advises on all matters of government, legislative
or executive. Residents are divided into three classes or ranks.
In certain other dependencies or protectorates of the British
Empire the representative of the government is termed a resident
or political agent, notably in Nepaul, Aden, Sarawak, British
North Borneo, &c. In general, where the state to which a
resident is attached is not an independent one, he exercises
consular and magisterial functions.
For “Resident” as the title of a diplomatic agent see Diplomacy.
RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a
remainder, from residere, to remain), in law, that which remains
of a testator's estate after all debts and legacies are discharged,
and funeral, administration and other expenses paid. The
person to whom this residue or surplus is left is termed the
residuary legatee; should none be mentioned in the will the
residue goes to the next of kin (see Executors and Administrators;
Legacy; Will).
RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern résine, from Lat.
resina, probably Latinized from Greek ῥητίνη, resin), a secretion
formed in special resin canals or passages of plants, from many
of which, such as, for example, coniferous trees, it exudes in
soft tears, hardening into solid masses in the air. Otherwise it
may be obtained by making incisions in the bark or wood of
the secreting plant. It can also be extracted from almost all
plants by treatment of the tissue with alcohol. Certain resins
are obtained in a fossilized condition, amber being the most
notable instance of this class; African copal and the kauri
gum of New Zealand are also procured in a. semi-fossil condition.
The resins which are obtained as natural exudation’s
are in general mixtures of different, peculiar acids, named the
resin acids, which dissolve in alkalis to form resin soaps, from
which the resin acids are regenerated by treatment with acids.
They are closely related to the terpenes, with which they occur
in plants and of which they are oxidation products. Examples
of resin acids, are abietic (sylvic) acid, C19H28O2, occurring in
colophon, and pimaric acid, C20H30O2, a constituent of gallipot
resin. Abietic acid can be extracted from colophon by means
of hot alcohol; it crystallizes in leaflets, and on oxidation
yields trimellitic, isophthalic and terebic acid. Pimaric acid
closely resembles abietic acid into which it passes when distilled
in a vacuum; it has been supposed to consist of three
isomers. Resins when soft are known as oleo-resins, and when
containing benzoic or cinnamic acid they are called balsams.
Other resinous products are in their natural condition mixed
with gum or mucilaginous substances and known as gum-resins.
The general conception of a resin is a noncrystalline body,
insoluble in Water, mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether
and hot fatty oils, softening and melting under the influence of
heat, not capable of sublimation, and burning with a bright, but
smoky flame. A typical resin is a transparent or translucent
mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown
colour, in odorous or having only a slight turpentine odour and
taste. Many compound resins, however, from their admixture
with essential oils, are possessed of distinct and characteristic
odours. The hard transparent resins, such as the copals,
dammars, mastic and sandarach, are principally used for
varnishes and cement, while the softer odoriferous oleo-resins
(frankincense, turpentine, copaiba) and gum-resins containing
essential oils (ammonia cum, as afoetida, gamboge, myrrh,
scammony) are more largely used for therapeutic purposes and
incense. Amber (q.v.) is a fossil resin.
RESOLUTION, a word used in the two main senses, separation
and decision, of the verb “to resolve” (Lat. resolvere, to
loose, unfasten), to separate anything into its constituent
elements or component parts, hence, through the subsidiary
meaning of to clear up doubts or difficulties, to settle, determine.
The principal applications of the term in its first sense are to the
separation of a body into its component parts by chemical
process, or, to the eye, by the lens of a microscope or telescope;
similarly, in mathematics, to the analysis of a velocity, force,
&c., into components. In the second sense, beyond the general
meaning of determination, firmness of character, a “resolution”
is specifically a decision of opinion formally submitted to a
legislative or other assembly and adopted or rejected by votes.
RESORCIN (meta-dioxybenzene), C6H4(OH)2, one of the
dihydric phenols. It is obtained on fusing many resins
(galbanum, as afoetida, &c.) with caustic potash, or by the
distillation of Brazil-wood extract. It may be prepared
synthetically by fusing meta-iodophenol, phenol meta-sulphonic
acid, and benzene meta-disulphonic acid with potash; by the
action of nitrous acid on meta-amino phenol; or by the action
of 10% hydrochloric acid on meta-phenylene diamine (J. Meyer,
Ber., 1897, 30, p. 2569). Many ortho and para-compounds of
the aromatic series (for example, the brom-phenols, benzene
para-disulphonic acid) also yield resorcin on fusion with caustic
potash. It crystallizes from benzene in colourless needles which
melt at 119° C. and boil at 276.5° C. (L. Calderon), or 280° C.
(C. Graebe), and is readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether,
but insoluble in chloroform and carbon bisulphide. It reduces
Fehling’s solution, and ammoniacal silver solutions. It does
not form a precipitate with lead acetate solution, as the isomeric
pyrocatechin does. Ferric chloride colours its aqueous solution
a dark violet, and bromine water precipitates tribromresorcin.
Sodium amalgam reduces it to dihydroresorcin, which when
heated to 150–160° C. with concentrated baryta solution gives
γ-acetylbutyric acid (D. Vorländer); when fused with caustic
potash, resorcin yields phloroglucin, pyrocatechin and diresorcin.
It condenses with acids or acid chlorides, in the presence of
dehydrating agents, to oxyketones, e.g. with zinc chloride and
glacial acetic acid at 145° C. it yields resacetophenone
(HO)2C6H3·CO·CH3 (M. Nencki and N. Sieber, Jour. prak. Chem.,
1881 [2], 23, p. 147). With the anhydrides of dibasic acids
it yields fluoresceins (q.v.). When heated with calcium chloride ammonia to 200° C. it yields meta-dioxydiphenylamine (A.
Seyewitz, Bull. Soc. Chim., 1890 [3], 3, p. 811). With sodium
nitrite it forms a water-soluble blue dye, which is turned red by
acids, and is used as an indicator, under the name of lacmoid
