the king's attention from learning, and in 1471 Regiomontanus settled at Nuremberg. Bernhard Walther, a rich patrician, became his pupil and patron; and they together equipped the first European observatory, for which Regiomontanus himself constructed instruments of an improved type (described in his posthumous Scripta, Nuremberg, 1544). His observations of the great comet of January 1672 supplied the basis of modern cometary astronomy. At a printing-press established in Walther's house by Regiomontanus, Purbach's Theoricae planetarum novae was published in 1472 or 1473; a series of popular calendars issued from it, and in 1474 a volume of Ephemerides calculated by Regiomontanus for thirty-two years (1474–1506), in which the method of “ lunar distances,” for determining the longitude at sea, was recommended and explained. In 1472 Regiomontanus was summoned to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV. to aid in the reform of the calendar; and there he died, most likely of the plague, on the 6th of July 1476.
Authorities.—P. Gassendi, Vita Jo. Regiomontani (Parisiis, 1654); J. G. Doppelmayr, Historische Nachricht von den Nürnbergischen Mathematicis, pp. 1–23 (1730); G. A. Will, Nürnbergisches Gelehrten-Lexikon, iii. 273 (1757); P. Nicéron, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des hommes illustres, xxxviii. 337 (1737); J. F. Weidler, Hist. Astronomiae, p. 313; A. G. Kästner, Geschichte der Mathematik, i. 556, 572; J. F. Montucla, Hist. des mathematiques, i. 541; E. F. Apelt, Die Reformation der Sternkunde, p. 34; M. Cantor, Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Math., ii. 254-264; M. Curtze, Urkunden zur Gesch. der Math., i. 187 (1902); Corr. Astr. vii. 21 (1822); G. H. Schubert, Peurbach und Regiomontan (Erlangen, 1828); A. Ziegler, Regiomontanus ein geistiger Vorläufer des Columbus (1874); J. B. J. Delambre, Hist. de l'astronomie au moyen âge, p. 284; J. S. Bailly, Hist., de l'astr. moderne, i. 311; R. Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie, p. 87; S. Günther, Allg. Deutsche Biog., Bd. xxii. p. 564; C. G. Jöcher's Gelehrten-Lexikon, iii. 1959, and Fortsetzung, vi. 1551 (H. W. Rotermund, Bremen, 1819); Ersch-Gruber's Encyklopaedie, ii. th. xx. p. 205; C. T. von Murr, Memorabilia Bibliothecarum Norimbergensium, i. 74 (1786).
(A. M. C.)
REGISTER, a record of facts, proceedings, acts, events,
names, &c., entered regularly for reference in a volume kept for
that purpose, also the volume in which the entries are made.
The Fr. registre is taken from the Med. Lat. reg isl rum for regislum,
Late Lat. regesta, things recorded, hence list, catalogue, from
regerere, to carry or bear back, to transcribe, enter on a roll.
For the keeping of public registers dealing with various subjects
see REGISTRATION and the articles there referred to, and for the
records of baptisms, marriages and burials made by a parish
clergyman, see section Parish Registers below. The keeper of
a register was, until the beginning of the 10th century, usually
known as a “ register, ” but that title has in Great Britain now
been superseded by “ registrar ”; it still survives in the Lord
Clerk Register, an officer of state in Scotland, nominally the
official keeper of the national records, whose duties are performed
by the Deputy Clerk Register. In the United States
the title is still “ register.” The term “ register ” has also been
applied to mechanical contrivances for the automatic registration
or recording of figures, &c. (see CASH REGISTER), to a stop in an
organ, to the compass of a voice or musical instrument, and also
to an apparatus for regulating the in- and outflow of air, heat,
steam, smoke or the like. Some of these instances of the
application of the term are apparently due to a confusion in
etymology, with Lat. regere, to rule, regulate.
PARISH REGISTERS were instituted in England by an order
of Thomas Cromwell, as vicegerent to Henry VIII., “ supreme
hedd undre Christ of the Church of Englande, ” in September
1538. The idea appears to have been of Spanish origin,
Cardinal Ximenes having instituted, as archbishop of Toledo,
registers of baptisms in 1497. They included, under the
above order, baptisms, marriages and burials, which were to
be recorded weekly. In 1597 it was ordered by the Convocation
of Canterbury that parchment books should be provided, for
the registers and that transcripts should be made on parchment
of existing registers on paper, and this order was repeated
in the 7oth canon of 1603. The transcripts then made now
usually represent the earliest registers; It was further provided
=at both these dates that an annual transcript of the
register should be sent to the bishop for preservation in the
diocesan registry, which was the origin of the “ bishop's transcripts.”
The “ Directory for the publique worship of God, ”
passed by parliament in 1645, provided for the date of birth
being also registered, and in August I6S3, an Act of “ Barebones
Parliament ” made a greater change, substituting
civil “parish registers ” (sic) for the clergy, and ordering
them to record births, banns, marriages and burials. The
“ register ” was also to publish the banns and a justice to perform
the marriage. The register books were well kept under
this civil system, but at the Restoration the old system was
resumed.
A tax upon births, marriages and burials imposed in 1694 led to the clergy being ordered to register all births, apart from baptisms, but the act soon expired and births were not again registered till 1836. Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act (1754), by its rigid provisions, increased the registration of marriages by the parochial clergy and prescribed a form of entry. In 1812 parish registers became the subject of parliamentary enactment, owing to the discovery of their deficiencies. Rose's Act provided for their safer custody, for eHicient bishops, transcripts, and for uniformity of system. This act continued to regulate the registers till their 'super session for practical purposes, in 1831, by civil registration under the act of 1836. In age; completeness and condition they vary much. A blue book on the subject was published in 18 3 3, but the returns it contains are often inaccurate. A few begin even earlier than Cromwell's order, the oldest being that of Tipton, Staffs, (1513). 'Between Soo and 900, apparently, begin in 1538 or 15391 The entries were originally made in Latin, but this usage died out early in the 17th century: decay and the crabbed handwriting of the time render the earlier registers extremely difficult to read. There is general agreement as to the shocking neglect of these valuable records in the past, and the loss of volumes appears to have continued even through the 19th century. Their custody is legally vested in the parochial clergy and -their wardens, but several proposals have been made for their removal to central depositories. The fees for searching them are determined by the act of 1836, which prescribes half a crown for each certified extract, and sixpence a year for searching, with a shilling for the first year. The condition of the “ bishops' transcripts ” was, throughout, much Worse than that of the parish registers, there being no funds provided for their custody. The report on Public Records in 1800 drew attention to their neglect, but, in spite of the provisions in Rose's Act (181 2), little or nothing was done, and, in spite of their importance as checking, and even sometimes supplementing deficient parish registers, they remained “ unarranged, unindexed and unconsultable.” Of recent years, however, some improvement has been made. It -has also been discovered that transcripts from “ peculiar ” exist in other than episcopal registries.
Outside the parochial registers, which alone were official in character, there Were, till 1754, irregular marriage registers, of which those=of the Fleet prison are the most famous, and also registers 'of private chapels in London. Those of the Fleet and of Mayfair chapel were deposited with the registrar general, but not authenticated. The registers of dissenting chapels remained unofficial till an act of 1840 -validated a number which had been authenticated, and was extended to many others in 1858. Useful information on these registers, now mostly deposited with the registrar-general, will be found in Sims' M anual, which also deals with those of private chapels, of English settlements abroad preserved in London, and with English Roman Catholic registers. These last, however, begin only under George II. and are restricted to certain London chapels.
The printing of parish registers has of late made much progress, but the field is so vast that the rate is relatively slow. There is a Parish Register Society, and a section of the Harleian Society engaged on the same work, as well as some county societies and also one for Dublin. But
