over two miles. Cannstatt, which was incorporated with Stuttgart in 1903, attracts numerous visitors owing to its beautiful situation on the Neckar and its saline and chalybeate springs. In the environs of Stuttgart and Cannstatt lie Rosenstein, Wilhelma and other residences of the royal family of Württemberg.
Stuttgart seems to have originated in a stud (Stuten Garten) of the early counts of Württemberg, and is first mentioned in a document of 1229. Its importance, however, is of comparatively modern growth and in the early history of Württemberg it was overshadowed by Cannstatt, the central situation of which on the Neckar seemed to mark it out as the natural capital of the country. After the destruction of the castle of Württemberg early in the 14th century, Count Eberhard transferred his residence to Stuttgart, which about 1500 became the recognized capital of Württemberg. But even as capital its growth was slow. At the beginning of the 19th century it did not contain 20,000 inhabitants, and its real advance began with the reigns of Kings Frederick and William I., who exerted themselves in every way to improve and beautify it. In 1849 Stuttgart was the place of meeting of the assembly called the Rumpfparlament.
See Pfaff, Geschichte der Stadt Stuttgart (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1845–1847); Wochner, Stuttgart seit 25 Jahren (Stuttgart, 1871); Seytter, Unser Stuttgart, Geschichte, Sage und Kultur (Stuttgart, 1903); J. Hartmann, Chronik der Stadt Stuttgart (Stuttgart, 1886); Barth, Stuttgarter Handel in alter Zeit (Stuttgart, 1896); Widmann, Wanderung durch Stuttgart und Umgebung (Stuttgart, 1896); M. Bach, Stuttgarter Kunst 1794–1860 (Stuttgart, 1900); Weinberg, Führer durch die Haupt- und Residenzstadt Stuttgart (Stuttgart, 1906); M. Bach and C. Lotter, Bilder aus Alt-Stuttgart (Stuttgart, 1896); and the official Chronik der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Stuttgart (1898, seq.).
STUYVESANT, PETER (1592–1672), Dutch colonial governor,
was born in Scherpenzeel, in southern Friesland, in 1592, the
son of a minister. He studied at Franeker, entered the military
service in the West Indies about 1625, and was director of the
West India Company’s colony of Curaçao from 1634 to 1644.
In April 1644 he attacked the Portuguese island of Saint Martin
and was wounded; he had to return to Holland, and there one
of his legs was amputated. Thereafter he wore a wooden leg
ornamented with silver bands. In May 1645 he was selected
by the West India Company to supersede William Kieft as
director of New Netherland. He arrived in New Amsterdam
(later New York) on the 11th of May 1647, and was received with
great enthusiasm. In response to the demand for self-government,
in September 1647 he and the council appointed—after
the manner then followed in Holland—from eighteen
representatives chosen by the people a board of nine to confer with
him and the council whenever he thought it expedient to ask
their advice; three of the nine, selected in rotation, were
permitted to sit with the council during the trial of civil cases; and
six were to retire each year, their successors to be chosen by
the director and council from twelve candidates nominated
by the board. The leading burghers were, however, soon
alienated by his violent and despotic methods, by his defence
of Kieft, and by his devotion to the interests of the company;
the nine men became (as early as 1649, when they sent the famous
Vertoogh, or Remonstrance, to the states-general asking for
burgher government and other reforms) the centre of municipal
discontent; and a bitter quarrel ensued. In 1650 the
states-general suggested a representative government to go into effect
in 1653, but the company opposed it; in 1653, however, there
was established the first municipal government for the city of
New Amsterdam modelled after that of the cities of Holland.
Stuyvesant also aroused opposition through his efforts to increase
the revenues of the company, to improve the system of defence,
and to prevent the sale of liquor and firearms to the Indians,
and through his persecution of Lutherans and Quakers, to which
the company finally put an end. He had a bitter controversy
with the patroon of Rensselaerwyck, who claimed to be
independent of the West India Company. In 1647 he seized a
Dutch ship illegally trading at New Haven and claimed
jurisdiction as far as Cape Cod; the New Haven authorities refused
to deliver to him fugitives from justice in Manhattan; he retaliated
by offering refuge to runaways from New Haven; but finally
he offered pardon to the Dutch fugitives and revoked his
proclamation. In September 1650 he came to an agreement with
the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England at
Hartford upon the boundary between New Netherland and
Connecticut, involving the sacrifice of a large amount of territory,
the new boundary crossing Long Island from the west side of
Oyster Bay to the Atlantic Ocean, and on the mainland north
from a point west of Greenwich Bay, 4 m. from Stamford. On
Long Island, during Stuyvesant’s rule, Dutch influence was
gradually undermined by John Underbill. Stuyvesant’s dealings
with the Swedes were more successful. With a force of seven
hundred men he sailed into the Delaware in 1655, captured Fort
Casimir (Newcastle)—which Stuyvesant had built in 1651 and
which the Swedes had taken in 1654—and overthrew the Swedish
authority in that region. He also vigorously suppressed Indian
uprisings in 1655, 1658 and 1663. In March 1664 Charles II.
granted to his brother, the duke of York, the territory between
the Connecticut river and Delaware Bay, and Colonel Richard
Nicolls with a fleet of four ships and about three or four hundred
men was sent out to take possession. Misled by instructions
from Holland that the expedition was directed wholly against
New England, Stuyvesant made no preparation for defence until
just before the fleet arrived. As the burghers refused to support
him, Stuyvesant was compelled to surrender the town and fort
on the 8th of September. He returned to Holland in 1665 and
was made a scapegoat by the West India Company for all its
failings in New Amsterdam; he went back to New York again
after the treaty of Breda in 1667, having secured the right of
free trade between Holland and New York. He spent the
remainder of his life on his farm called the Bouwerie, from which
the present “Bowery” in New York City takes its name. He
died in February 1672, and was buried in a chapel, on the site
of which in 1799 was erected St Mark’s Church.
See Bayard Tuckerman, Peter Stuyvesant (New York, 1893), in the “Makers of America” Series; and Mrs Schuyler Van Rensselaer, History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century (2 vols., New York, 1909).
STY, an enclosed place or pen to keep pigs in. The word
means properly a pen or enclosure for any domestic animal,
as is seen from its occurrence in Scandinavian languages and
in German, e.g. Swed. and Icel. stia, pen, gåsstia, goose-pen, swinstia, pig-sty, Ger. Steige, hen-coop, Schweinsteige, pig-sty. It is usual to refer the word to stigan, to climb, which would connect it with stair and stile and with the Gr. στεἰχειν. Some take the original meaning to be an enclosure raised on steps, others, in view of the Gr. στοῖχος, row, would take the basic sense to be a row of pales or stakes forming a pen or enclosure; cf. the use of στοῖχος for poles supporting nets to catch game in (Xen. Cyn. 6. 10). If the derivation from stigan is correct, the word is the same as that meaning a small inflamed swelling, tumour or abscess on the eyelid, the Old English word for which was stigend, i.e. short for stigend eáge, a rising or swelling eye, hence in M. Eng. styang, taken as equivalent to “sty on eye.”
STYLE (from Gr. στῦλος, a column; a different word from that
used in literature, see below), in architecture, the term used to
differentiate between its characteristics in various countries and
at different periods (see Architecture). The derivation of the word suggests that it was at first employed to distinguish the classic styles, in which the column played the chief part, and it would be more appropriate to speak of the Doric and
Ionic styles than orders (q.v.). In the Assyrian, Sassanian and
perhaps the Byzantine styles, the column was a secondary
feature of small importance, whereas the Greek, Doric and
Ionic styles are based completely on the column and the
weight of the superstructure it was required to carry. In
France the term is sometimes employed of the individuality of
character which is found in an artist’s work. For the use
of the term “style” in botany see Flower.
STYLE, in literature a term which may be defined as language
regarded from the point of view of the characteristics which it
