TRAUTENAU (Czech Trutňov), a town of Bohemia, 120 m. E.N.E. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900), 14,777, mostly German. It is situated on the Aupa, a tributary of the Elbe, at the foot of the Riesengebirge, and possesses a beautiful church built in 1283 and restored in 1768. Trautenau is the centre of the Bohemian linen industry and has factories for the manufacture of paper and for the utilization of the waste products of the other mills. Trautenau was founded by German colonists invited to settle there by King Otto Kar II. of Bohemia, and received a charter as a town in 1340. It was the scene of two battles between the Prussians and Austrians on the 27th and the 28th of June 1866.
TRAVANCORE, a state of southern India, in political relation with Madras. Area, 7091 sq. m. In 1901 the population was 2,952,157, showing an increase of 15% in the preceding
decade. The state stands sixteenth among the native states of India in area and third in population. Travancore extends more than 150 m. along the west coast as far as Cape Comorin, the southernmost point of the peninsula. The Western Ghats
rise to an elevation of 8000 ft. and are clothed with primeval
forest; .they throw out spurs towards the coast, along which
there is a belt of flat country of about 10 m. in width, covered
with coco-nut and areca palms, which to a great extent constitute
the wealth of the country. The whole surface is undulating,
and presents a series of hills and valleys traversed from east
to west by many rivers, the floods of which, arrested by the
peculiar action of the Arabian Sea, spread themselves out
into lagoons or backwaters, connected here and there by artificial
canals, and forming an inland line of smooth-water communication
for nearly the whole length of the coast. The chief river
is the Periyar, 142 m. in length. Other important rivers are
the Pambai and its tributary the Achenkoil, the Kallada,
and the Western Tambraparni. Iron is abundant and plumbago
is worked. Elephants are numerous, and tigers, leopards,
bears, bison and various kinds of deer abound in the forests.
Travancore has an abundant rainfall, with every variety of
temperature. The principal ports are Alleppi, Quilon and Paravur;
but there is no real harbour. The state has a fine system of
roads, and the Cochin-Shoranur and the Tinnevelly-Quilon
railways pass through it. The Periyar irrigation project conducts
water through the ghats in a tunnel to irrigate the Madras
district of Madura, for which compensation of Rs. 40,000 is
annually paid to Travancore. Trade is large and increasing,
the chief exports being copra, coir and other coco-nut products,
pepper, tea, sugar, areca-nuts, timber, hides, coffee, &c. The
capital is Trivandrum. The revenue is £670,000; tribute,
£80,000; military force, 1360 infantry, 61 cavalry and 30
artillery with 6 guns. The maharaja of Travancore claims
descent from Cheraman Perumal, the last Hindu monarch
of united Malabar, whose date is variously given from A.D.
378 to 825. Though he is a Kshatriya, the succession follows
the local custom of inheritance through females; consequently
his sanad of adoption authorizes him to adopt sisters' sons.
For some generations the rulers have been men of education
and character, and the state is conspicuous for good administration
and prosperity. Education, and female education in
particular, is more advanced than in any other part of India.
The two dominant sections of the population are the Namburi
Brahmins and the Nairs or military caste. Native Christians,
chiefly of the Syrian rite, form nearly one-fourth of the whole, being more numerous than in any Madras district.
See V. Nagam Aiya, Travancore State Manual (Trivandrum, 1906).
TRAVE, a river of north Germany, rising in the Oldenburg
principality of Lübeck, between Eutin and Ahrensbock. Flowing
at first southwards through small lakes and marshes, it then
turns west and, contined within flat and sandy banks, enters
the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. It now bends
due south to Oldesloe, from which point it is navigable.
Hence it takes an easterly course, and, entering the territory
of the free city of Lübeck, receives from the right the Stecknitz,
through which and the Stecknitz canal built by the merchants
of Lübeck in 1398) a direct water communication is maintained
with the Elbe, and passing the city of Lübeck discharges
itself into the Baltic at the port of Travemünde after a course of
58 m. Its lower course from Lübeck to the sea has been
dredged to a depth of 25 ft., permitting sea-going Vessels to lie
alongside the wharves and quays.
TRAVELLER'S TREE, a remarkable tree, native of Madagascar
and Réunion, with a straight stem reaching 30 ft. in
height and bearing at the top a number of large long-stalked
leaves which spread vertically like a fan. The leaf has a large
sheath at the base in which water collects in such quantity as
to yield a copious draught—hence the popular name. The plant
is known botanically as Ravenala Madagascariensis and belongs
to the same family as the banana (Musaceae).
TRAVEMÜNDE, a seaport of Germany, in the free state of Lübeck, situated on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave.
Pop. (1905), 2017. It has an Evangelical church, dating from
the end of the 15th century, and is a much frequented watering place.
There are extensive herring fisheries. Travemünde
arose out of a stronghold placed here by Henry the Lion, duke
of Saxony, in the 12th century to guard the mouth of the Trave,
and the Danes subsequently strengthened it. It became a town
in 1317 and in 1329 passed into the possession of the free city
of Lübeck, to which it has since belonged. Its fortifications
were demolished in 1807.
TRAVERSE, in fortification, a mass of earth or other material employed to protect troops against enfilade. It is constructed
at right angles to the parapet manned by the defenders, and is continued sufficiently far to the rear to give the protection required by the circumstances, which, moreover, determine its height. A traverse is sometimes utilized as a casemate. Ordinary field-works, not less than those of more solid construction,
require traversing, though if the trenches, instead of being
continuous, are broken into short lengths, they are traversed
by the unbroken earth intervening between each length. (For
traversing in surveying see Surveying.)
TRAVERSE CITY, the county-seat of Grand Traverse county, Michigan, U.S.A., on the Boardman river, between Boardman
Lake and the west arm of Grand Traverse Bay, in the N.W. part
of the lower peninsula. Pop. (1900), 9407, of whom 2068 were
foreign-born; (1910, census), 12,115. It is served by the Père
Marquette, the Grand Rapids & Indiana and the Manistee
& North-Eastern railways, and by steamboat line to Chicago
and other lake ports. The climate, scenery and good fishing
attract summer visitors. The city has a public library and a
library owned by the Ladies' Library Association, and is the seat
of the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane (opened 1885).
There are various manufactures, and in 1904 the total value of
the factory product was $2,176,903. Traverse City was settled
in 1847, incorporated as a village in 1881 and chartered as a
city in 1895.
TRAVESTY (Fr. travestie, from travestir, to disguise, se travestir, to change one's clothes; Lat. mms, across, and vestire, to clothe), a burlesque, particularly a grotesque imitation of a
serious work of literature or art, in which the subject, characters,
&c., are retained, but the style, language and treatment generally
are exaggerated and distorted to excite ridicule (see also Burlesque).
TRAVNIK, the capital of a department of the same name in Bosnia; situated on the Lašva, a left-hand tributary of the Bosna, 44 m. by rail N.W. of Serajevo. Pop. (1895) about 6000. Travnik is mainly built round a steep mass of rock, crowned by an ancient citadel. Several mosques, palaces, arcades and a fine bazaar, left among its narrow lanes and wooden huts, bear witness to its former prosperity, and there are some good modern barracks and public buildings.
The old name of Travnik, Lašva, was last used in the 18th century. It is likely, from the number of Roman remains, that Travnik stands near the site of a Roman colony. It was a stronghold of the Bogomili during the 15th century, but its period of greatness dated from 1686, when the downfall of the Turks in Hungary caused the removal of the Bosnian
