hoping to be saved. But as she made no sign of surrender the " Glasgow," after waiting half an hour, closed and opened fire again with terrible effect on the men gathered on her decks. Two green lights went up which were read as a signal of surrender and boats were lowered to perform the work of rescue, but she was heeling heavily to port, and at 9:23, while the boats were approaching, turned over and disappeared, some 80 m. south of the spot where her flagship had sunk five hours before. Only five officers and thirteen men were saved. The British cruisers had suffered little. The " Cornwall " had been hit 18 times, and had a list to port, but had suffered no casualties. The " Glas- gow " had been hit twice with one man killed and four wounded. The " Kent " all this time had been vigorously pursuing the " Niirnberg " to the south-east. She had started some seven miles behind her, but the engine-room staff performed prodigies, and by feeding the fires with all the spare wood in the ship the range was brought down to 12,000 yd. by 5 P.M. The " Niirn- berg " now opened fire with her stern guns. The " Kent's " shots were falling short, and mist and rain were seriously reduc- ing the visibility. Within the next quarter of an hour however, the " Kent " scored a couple of hits, one of which penetrated the " Leipzig " below the waterline aft and did serious damage. Then came a dramatic change. Two of the " Nurnberg's " boilers gave out, her speed dropped to 19 knots and the " Kent " com- menced to overhaul her rapidly. At 5:45 the " Kent " was on her port quarter some 6,000 yd. off, and the " Niirnberg " turned to port to engage her. There was no time to lose in the failing light and Capt. Allen forced the pace. Keeping the enemy well abaft the beam to avoid torpedo fire he closed in to 3,000 yards. The pace was too hot for the "Niirnberg" and she turned right away at 6:02. But the " Kent " followed her close. By 6:10 the enemy was on fire with only two guns in action; the " Kent " continued to hit, and circling right round her bows raked her at 3,500 yards. By 6:25 she was a burning wreck, listing heavily and down by the stern, but with her flag still flying. The " Kent " opened fire again and the flag came down. Just before 7:30 she turned over and sank, but though a search was kept up till 9 P.M. only seven survivors were found. The " Kent " had been hit 40 times, but suffered little structural damage and lost only four killed and 12 wounded.
Meanwhile the colliers " Santa Isabel " and " Baden " had been found by the " Bristol," who had chased them to the southward and eastward and captured them about 4 P.M. They were valuable ships, but Adml. Sturdee had given orders to sink all transports, and though they were not transports but ships full of valuable coal they were sunk. The supply ship " Seydlitz " got off to the southward and found safety amongst the icebergs. The " Dresden " reached Magellan Straits on Dec. 10 and anchored in Cockburn Channel with only 130 tons of coal left. Thence she made for Punta Arenas, where news came of her on the i2th, though three long months elapsed before our cruisers could hunt her down.
This was the end of the chase and the encounter known as the battle of the Falklands. It was the one decisive naval battle of the war the end of von Spee's squadron, of von Spec, and of both his sons. It marked the termination of a definite phase of the struggle at sea. Cruiser warfare collapsed. Germany could no longer challenge the control of the outer seas, and outside the North Sea and Baltic the command of the sea was won.
(A. C. D.)
FARNELL, LEWIS RICHARD (1856- ), English classical scholar and archaeologist, was born at Salisbury Jan. 10 1856. Educated at the City of London school and Exeter College, Oxford, he was elected fellow of his college in 1880 and subsequently rector in 1913. In 1920 he became vice-chancellor of the university. After graduating he studied classical archaeology at the universities of Berlin and Munich, and travelled much in Greece and Asia Minor. In 1909 he was elected the first Wilde lecturer in comparative religion, and he was Hibbert lecturer in 1911. He published Cults of the Greek States (5 vols., 1896); The Evolution of Religion (1905); Greece and Babylon (1911); The Higher Aspects of Greek Religion (1912).
FARRAND, LIVINGSTON (1867- ), American educationist, was born at Newark, N.J., June 14 1867. After graduation from Princeton in 1888, he studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and received the degree of M.D. in 1891. During the next two years he studied at Cam- bridge (England) and at Berlin. From 1893 to 1903 he taught psychology at Columbia University as instructor, and, after 1901, adjunct professor; from 1903 to 1914 he was professor of anthropology. In 1897 he accompanied the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, which visited the Indians of British Columbia, and published two monographs as results of his own investigations. From 1905 to 1914 he was executive secretary of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis; and from 1912 to 1914 was treasurer of the American Health Association, during the same period editing the American Journal of Public Health. From 1914 to 1919 he was president of the university of Colorado, but in 1917 was granted leave of absence, following his appointment by the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation to direct the work against tuberculosis in France. In 1919 he was made chairman of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross. In 1921 he was elected to succeed Jacob Gould Schurman as president of Cornell University. He was the author of Basis of American History (1904) and various articles on psychology and anthropology.
FARWELL, SIR GEORGE (1845-1915), English judge, was born at Codsall, Staffs., Dec. 22 1845. He was educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1866. He was called to the bar in 1871. In 1891 he became a Q.C. and in 1895 a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, while in 1899 he was raised to the bench. In 1900 he came into prominence over the case known as the Taff Vale judgment (see 27.142), since his decision, though reversed by the court of appeal, was upheld in 1901 by the House of Lords, and ultimately led to the passing of the Trade Disputes Act (1906). In 1906 Farwell was made a lord of appeal, but resigned this position in 1913. He died at Dunster, Som., Dec. 30 1915. He published Concise Treatise on the Law of Powers (1874).
FASTING (see 10.193). The adoption of "hunger-striking" in prison by some of the militant suffragettes in England, just before the World War, and by Irish Sinn Feiners subsequently, has served to call attention to the physiological fact that the human body is capable of more prolonged fasting (abstinence from food) than had generally been realized. Before they gave these demonstrations of endurance, fasts of 40 or 50 days had been regarded as extreme cases. In 1920, however, the Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence McSwiney, maintained his hunger strike in Brixton prison during 74 days, and, though subject to fits of delirium, he was stated to have been conscious until within a few days of his death.
From a purely scientific point of view it is regrettable that no definite medical record of this and other long " hunger strikes " was officially published, in such a way as to provide positive evidence that no " food " (apart from water and medicines) was taken, since there were naturally suspicions to the contrary in spite of all questions in Parliament on that point being answered in the negative. It can only be assumed that such allegations were unfounded. It has been shown therefore that, if the hygiene of fasting is carefully carried out, the mere lack of food becomes of small moment to the preservation of life for several weeks. The beginning of a fast is its most painful period, for during the first 48 or 36 hours hunger pains, occasioned by peristaltic contractions of the stomach, persist. These pains at first increase in severity during some hours, then, if no food is taken, they begin to pass away. Once they have disappeared they do not, as a rule, return. The fasting individual passes into a condition of comparative ease and comfort. The future now depends on the care with which the debris, collecting in the alimentary canal, is evacuated for the bowel goes on producing waste matter in spite of the absence of food. Purgation'is therefore necessary, and enemata are usually administered. The skin tends to exude an oily detritus, and unless this is removed constantly a faecal odour will be experienced. Here again, however, the beginning is the worst period. After some days the problem of maintaining health is much simplified, and the patient, though increasing in weakness, experiences small inconvenience. This period is, however, often characterized by hallucinations, the mind being dissociated from its material surroundings. Visions are frequently described and strange manifestations announced. The patient is now approaching the
