with a pipe of war to Smoke, which is put round to every warrior, and a wampum belt is thrown over his neck.
The calumet, or Indian pipe, which is much larger than that the Indians usually smoke, is made of marble, stone, or clay, either red, white, or black, according to the custom of the nation, but the red is mostly esteemed; the length of the handle is about four feet and a half, and made of strong cane, or wood, decorated with feathers of various colours, with a number of twists of female hair interwoven in different forms; the head is finely polished; two wings are fixed to it, which make it in appearance not unlike to Mercury's wand. This calumet is the symbol of peace, and the Savages hold it in such estimation, that a violation of any treaty where it has been introduced, would in their opinion be attended with the greatest misfortunes.[1]
Wampum is of several colours, but the white and black are chiefly used; the former is made of the inside of the conque, or clam shell;[47] the latter of the muscle: both are worked in the form of a long bead, and perforated in order to their being strung on leather, and made up in belts.
These belts are for various purposes: When a council
is held, they are given out with the speeches, and always
proportioned in their size, and the number of the rows of
wampum which they contain, to the idea the Indians entertain
of the importance of the meeting; they frequently
consist of both colours. Those given to Sir William
Johnson, of immortal Indian memory, were in several
————
- ↑ For a description of Indian pipes and smoking habits, see U. S. National Museum Report, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red calumets is called "catlinite," from George Catlin, who described it in 1836. It is found in the pipestone quarries of Pipestone County, in Southwestern Minnesota. See Jesuit Relations, lix, p. 310.—Ed.
