nanfu; and, beginning in 1679, took the reign title Hung-hua 洪化. By this time Wu Shih-fan's authority extended only to Yunnan, Kweichow and parts of Hunan, Szechwan and Kwangsi. Late in 1679 Kwangsi went over to the Ch'ing side, and early in 1680 Szechwan was taken by Chao Liang-tung [q. v.], a Ch'ing general. The latter marched on Kweiyang, while Jangtai [q. v.] advanced from Hunan, and Laita (see under Gubadai) from Kwangsi. The pacification of Kweichow in 1681 confined Wu Shih-fan entirely to Yunnan. Beseiged in his capital for several months, he finally committed suicide (Dec. 7, 1681), thus ending the rebellion begun by Wu San-kuei eight years earlier. In Chinese accounts this war is known as San-fan chih luan 三藩之亂 the "War of the Three Feudatories," the leaders being Kêng Ching-chung, Shang Chih-hsin, and Wu San-kuei.
After the war, most of the officials who had served under Wu, and were later forced to surrender, were executed. A few military officers who had surrendered earlier were highly honored. For example, Lin Hsing-chu (see under Pengcun), who surrendered in 1678, was made a marquis and later served in the war against the Russians at Albazin.
A painting depicting Wu San-kuei in Ming costume, watching a quail-fight, is preserved in the Palace Museum, Peiping. Before proclaiming himself Emperor Wu San-kuei issued copper cash bearing the reign-title Li-yung 利用. Later he and his grandson issued coins with the respective reign-titles, Chao-wu and Hung-hua (see above). As to Ch'ên Yüan, it is said that she accompanied Wu to Yunnan, but in later years became a nun.
[1/480/1a; 2/80/1a, translated by E. Hauer under the title "General Wu San-kuei," in Asia Major, IV, 4, pp. 563–611, 1927; Wei Yüan [q. v.] Shêng-wu chi (1846) 2/1a-18b, translated by E. Haenisch under the title "Bruchstücke aus der Geschichte Chinas Unter der Mandschu-Dynastie," in T'oung Pao (1913), pp. 1–123 with bibliography, notes, and maps; P'ing-ting san-ni fang-lüeh (see under Han T'an) in Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu chên-pên ch'u-chi (see under Chi Yün); Ming Ch'ing shih-liao (see under Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou) 1930–31, pp. 7, 9, 24, 723, 783, 862, 944, 968; Ch'ing san-fan shih-liao (Materials on the War of the Three Feudatories) in Wên-hsien ts'ung-pien tsêng-k'an (see bibl. under Li Fu), issues for 1931–32; Chu Hsi-tsu, "Some Explanations of Wu San-kuei's Chou Regime" in Academia Sinica (Bulletin of the National Research Institute of History and Philosophy), vol. 2, no. 4 (1932), pp. 393–401; 故宮 Ku-kung, no. 2 (Oct. 1929); Kunming hsien-chih (1901) 10/11a; W.M.S.C.K. chüan 14; Ross, John The Manchus (1880), pp. 195–210, 417–461.]
WU Ta-ch'êng 吳大澂 (T. 止敬, 清卿, H. 恆軒, 愙齋, 白雲山樵, 白雲病叟, original ming 大淳), June 6, 1835–1902, Mar. 6, civil and military official, archaeologist and calligrapher, was a native of Soochow. His grandfather, Wu Ching-k'un 吳經堃 (T. 厚安, H. 愼庵, d. 1838), was a rich merchant who was interested in arts and letters. In 1860, when the Taipings occupied Soochow, Wu Ta-ch'êng took refuge in Shanghai, and two years later went to Peking where he failed in the Shun-t'ien provincial examination. In 1864, however, he took his chü-jên degree in his native province. Studying (1865) under Yü Yüeh [q. v.] at the Tzŭ-yang 紫陽 Academy, Soochow, he obtained the chin-shih degree in 1868 and was made a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy. Soon afterwards he returned to his native place and engaged in editorial work for about two years at the Kiangsu Provincial Printing Office at Soochow (江蘇書局). In 1870 he went to Wuchang, Hupeh, where he worked as a secretary to Li Hung-chang [q. v.]. In the following year he went to the capital and was made a compiler of the Hanlin Academy. During the years 1873–76 he was educational commissioner of Shensi and Kansu, and about the same time (1871–73, 1876–79) engaged in relief work in Chihli province. Early in 1879 he was appointed intendant of the Ho-pei Circuit in Honan.
During these years the Ch'ing authorities made efforts to strengthen the defences against Russia in eastern and northern Manchuria, and early in 1880 Wu Ta-ch'êng was selected to take part in this work. With the rank of an official of the third grade, he went to Kirin where, under the direction of Ming-an 銘安 (T. 鼎臣, 1828–1911), military-governor of Kirin (1877–83), he was occupied in the improvement of defence on the eastern border. During the latter half of the year 1880 he organized a Ching-pien Chün 靖邊軍 or Border Pacification Army, to garrison the frontier, and at the same time pacified a party of gold-miners (some fifty thousand) led by Han Hsiao-chung 韓効忠 (popularly called Han Pien-wai 韓邊外), who had opposed the government. In 1881 he set about estab-
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