accepted appointment in 1906 as second rank consulting expert to the Ministry of Education, but served concurrently as principal of the Wênchou Normal School. In the spring of 1908 he was stricken with paralysis and died in June.
An uncle of Sun I-jang, named Sun Ch'ang-ming 孫鏘鳴 (T. 韶甫, H. 渠田, 1817–1901), was a chin-shih of 1841 who took part in recruiting volunteers to withstand the Taiping Rebels.
[1/488/38a; 6/41/19a; Sung Tz'ŭ-pao, chronological biography of Sun I-jang in Tung-fang tsa-chih (Eastern Miscellany), vol. 23, no. 12; Chu Fang-p'u 朱芳圃, Sun I-jang nien-p'u (1934), with portrait; Chang Shou-hsien, a survey of Sun's work as a scholar, in 清儒學術討論集 Ch'ing-ju hsüeh-shu t'ao-lun chi (1930) series one, hsia; Mei, Y. P. The Ethical and Political Works of Motse (1929); idem., Motse the Neglecled Rival of Confucius (1934).]
SUN K'o-wang 孫可望 (original ming 可旺; also named 旺兒), d. Dec. 21, 1660, native of Yen-ch'ang (according to some sources, of Mi-chih), Shensi, was one of the adopted sons of the insurgent general, Chang Hsien-chung [q. v.], who gave him the title, "General Who Pacifies the East" 平東將軍. When Chang was defeated and died, early in 1647, Sun K'o-wang and the other adopted sons and generals led the remnant army through southern Szechwan to Kweiyang, Kweichow. Here he styled himself prince (平東王) and strengthened his position at the expense of local chieftains and his sworn brothers, extending his influence into Yunnan, Kwangsi and Hunan. His support was sought by the king Prince of Kuei (see Chu Yu-lang), who awarded him various titles but withheld the one, Prince of Ch'in (秦王), which he coveted, until the general had become more powerful than the prince. Sun K'o-wang held the Prince of Kuei virtually a prisoner at An-lung 安隆 near the Yunnan-Kwangsi border and later at Kweiyang. He quarrelled with his former confederate, Li Ting-kuo [q. v.], with whom the Prince of Kuei was secretly negotiating for support. When Sun K'o-wang assumed imperial prerogatives, the Prince of Kuei fled to the rival faction in Yunnan. On October 20, 1657 the two forces met at the San-ch'a 三岔 river in southwestern Kweichow. Li Ting-kuo was victorious and Sun K'o-wang fled to Changsha where he surrendered to the Ch'ing authorities and received the title, I wang 義王, or "Righteous Prince". The next year he went to Peking where he was received by the Emperor and given presents and honors. His proffers of service to suppress the rebellion in the southwest were rejected. He died of illness in Peking and was given the posthumous name K'o-shun 恪順.
[1/254/5a; 2/79/64a; M.41/18/1b, 19/6a; M.59/65/12b; Ming-chi nan-lüeh (see bibl. under Ma Shih-ying) 12/5b, 14/7b, 15/9a, 16/1a, 17/1a passim; Hsi-nan chi-shih (see under Shao T'ing-ts'ai) 12/1a; Tung-hua lu, Shun-chih 17: 11.]
SUN Shên-hsing 孫愼行 (T. 聞斯, H. 淇澳), 1565–1636, Feb. 18, Ming official, was a native of Wu-chin, Kiangsu. He ranked third as chin-shih in 1595 and was appointed a Hanlin compiler, but retired a few years later to devote himself to study in strict seclusion. In 1613 he was made junior vice-president and acting head of the Board of Ceremonies, in which capacity he attacked various irregularities that had arisen through twenty years of complete neglect of governmental affairs on the part of Emperor Shên-tsung. In the following year he retired—this time until 1621 when he was given the presidency of the same Board. The death of the Ming Emperor Kuang-tsung (see Chu Ch'ang-lo) had occurred under suspicious circumstances. Taken ill less than ten days after ascending the throne, he rapidly grew worse and died after being given a pill of "red lead" by the sub-director of the Court of State Ceremonial. When this official was accused by the censor of criminal negligence he was shielded by the Grand Secretary, Fang Ts'ung-chê (see under Chu Ch'ang-lo). Sun denounced the latter as the murderer of the late emperor and demanded his execution. As a result the official who had administered the pill was exiled, although Fang escaped an investigation. Shortly afterward Sun resigned on account of illness and was kept out of office thereafter by the eunuch, Wei Chung-hsien [q. v.]. In 1627 he was condemned to banishment, but the sentence was not carried out owing to the fall of the eunuch party. Though he was often recommended at Court for the post of a Grand Secretary, it was not until 1635 that he was again summoned to take part in the government. Soon after reaching Peking he took ill and died, at the age of seventy-two (sui). He was granted posthumously the title of Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and was canonized as Wên-chieh 文介.
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