92 K I N K I O Queicli. Lockleven, the area of which has been lessened by extensive reclamation works undertaken in 1826, has still a surface of 3406 acres, and its trout fishing is the best of any loch in Scotland. The loch contains several islands, the principal being Queen Mary s Island, 8 acres in extent, Reed Bowers, 1 acre, and the island of St Serf, 80 acres. Geology and Agriculture. The greater part of the county belongs to the upper strata of the Old Eed Sandstone, but a portion in the north-west to the porphyry formation of the Ochils, while on the east there is a narrow boundary of the Coal-measure slightly interrupted by trap. Coal is wrought in the southern part of the county, but only to a small extent ; limestone is very abundant, and sandstone is obtained for building purposes. The lower part of the county is generally well sheltered, and suitable for all kinds of crops. In this region the soil is generally of a mossy character, but when well drained and cultivated is very fertile. The eminences are devoted chiefly to the pasturage of sheep and the rearing of cattle. Much land has been reclaimed within recent years, and the methods of farming are now quite equal to those of the most advanced districts of Scotland. A great proportion of the land is held in fee by small proprietors who farm their own properties. The following table gives a classi fication of holdings according to size in 1880 and 1875 : 50 Acres and under. From 50 to 100 Acres. From 100 to 300 Acres. From 300 to 500 Acres. From 500 to 1000 Acres. Above 1000 Acres. Total. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. 1880 1875 13fi 143 1,068 1,513 32 29 7.823 2.074 102 118 1S,C80 21,550 21 25 2,361 9,307 2 1 1,445 530 293 316 31,377 35,010 According to the agricultural returns for 1881, the total area under crops was 31,459 acres, of which 7296 acres were under corn crops, 3698 under green crops, 11,348 under rotation grasses, 9100 permanent pasture, and 17 fallow. 2576 acres were under woods. The percentage of cultivated area in 1870 was 67 9, and in 1880 it was 63 0. The area under permanent pasture has increased very much of late years, while there is an unusually large percentage under rotation grasses. 5801 acres, or more than two-thirds of the area under corn crops, is occupied by barley and bere, while oats had 1350 and wheat only 112 acres. Nearly the whole area under green crops was occupied either by turnips and swedes or potatoes, turnips and swedes having 2663 and potatoes 957 acres. The total number of horses in 1881 was 1039. Of these 699 were used solely for agricultural purposes, and 340, a very large pro portion, were unbroken horses or mares kept solely for breeding. Cattle in 1881 numbered 5555. Milch cows numbered 984, less than one-fifth of the whole. A considerable number of cattle are pastured on the lowland farms. They are chiefly a native breed, which has been much improved by crossing. Sheep in 1881 numbered 26,530. They are chiefly pastured on the hills, but a considerable number are also wintered on the lowland farms. Pigs in 1881 numbered 504. In 1872-73 the land was divided between 728 proprietors, and its gross annual value was 64,671, 14s. Of the owners, 468 or 64 3 per cent, possessed less than 1 acre, and the average value per acre was 1, 8s. lOJd. There were nine proprietors who held more than 1000 acres, the largest estates being those of the Right Hon. W. P. Adam, 2869 acres, and Sir Graham Montgomery, 2336. Manufactures and Trade,. Tartan plaids, shawls, and other woollen goods are manufactured at Kinross, which also possesses corn-mills and a brewery. There is a large linen factory at Mil- nathort, as well as manufactories for woollen goods. Administration. The county sheriff courts are held weekly or fortnightly. Kinross is now joined with Clackmannan and Lin- lithgow in one sheriffdom, and quarter sessions are held on the first Tuesday of March, July, August, and October. The county unites with Clackmannan in returning a member to parliament. Population. Kinross has the smallest population of any county in Scotland. From 6725 in 1801 it rose to a maximum of 9072 in 1831, from which it fell in 1841 to 8763, and, although in 1851 it rose to 8924, it gradually diminished till in 1871 it was 7198, while in 1881 it was 6699, of whom 3112 were males and 3587 females. The principal villages are Kinross (population in 1881, 1960), the capital of the county and a market-town ; Milna- thort (1269), with linen and woollen manufactures ; Kinness- wood (250) ; an I a portion of Kelty, the remainder being in Fife. History and Antiquities. The early history of Kinross-shire is given in the article FIFE. There are traces of an ancient fort or camp on the top of the hill of Dumglow in the parish of Cleish, and
- i remarkable cairn called Cairn-a-vain on a hill on the northern
boundary of the parish of Orwell, in the centre of which a rude stone cist was discovered with an urn full of bones and charcoal. In 1857 a hoard of seven hundred Roman coins was dug up in the vicinity of the county town. The priory of Portmoak, properly situ ated on the island of St Serf in Lochleven, although the prior and canons often resided at Kinnesswood, was originally the oldest Culdee establishment in Scotland, being a gift of the Pictish kings after their conversion. Some time before 961 it was made over to the bishop of St Andrews, and shortly after 1144 a body of canons regular was established in it in connexion with the priory of canons regular established in that year at St Andrews. The castle of Lochleven was a royal residence as far back as 1257. In it Archi bald, earl of Douglas, was imprisoned in 1429, and Queen Mary from June 16th 1567 to May 2d 1568. A short distance north-east of Kinross stands the ruined castle of Burleigh. KINSALE, a parliamentary borough and seaport town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, is situated on the estuary of the Bandon, 24 miles south from Cork by rail. The town occupies chiefly the acclivity of Compass Hill, and, while possessing a striking and picturesque appearance, is built in a very irregular manner, the streets being narrow and so precipitous that in many instances convey ances have to take a very circuitous course. The principal buildings are the castle fort, completed by the duke of Ormonde at a cost of 70,000, and captured by the earl of Marlborough in 1690; the parish church, an ancient but inelegant structure erected as a conventual church about the 14th century ; the assembly-rooms, the barracks, the Carmelite friary, and the convent of the sisters of mercy. Kinsale is much frequented by summer visitors, and is also an important fishery station, the number of boats employed in the division of which it is the principal port being about 350, employing over 1700 men and boys. It possesses also a commodious harbour, but the trade has become almost extinct owing to the proximity of Cork. The population in 1881 was 4976. Kinsale is said to derive its name from ccan tailc, the headland in the sea. At an early period the town belonged to the De Courceys, a representative of whom was created baron of Kinsale in 1181. It received a charter of incorporation from Edward III., having previ ously been a borough by prescription, and its privileges were con firmed and extended by various subsequent sovereigns. For several centuries previous to the Union it returned two members to parlia ment, but since then it has returned only one. It was the scene of an engagement between the French and English fleets in 1380, Mas forcibly entered by the English in 1488, was partly consumed by fire in 1594, was captured by the Spaniards and retaken by the English in 1601, was entered by the English in 1641, who expelled the Irish inhabitants, was the scene of the landing of James II. and of the French army sent to his assistance in 16S9, and was taken by the English in the following year. KIOTO, KiYdio, MIAKO, or SAIKIO, the ancient sacred capital of Japan, is situated on the main island of the Japanese archipelago. It occupies the level bottom of a valley between the ridges Hujei-zan and Higushiyama on the east, and of Tenno-san on the west, and is so girt by the streams Kamogawa and Kulunagawa as to have an almost insular position. With Tokio, to the north-east, it is connected by two highways, the Tokaido, 307 miles long, and the Nakasendo, 323 miles long. To Ozaka on the coast a railway line was opened in 1877. Kioto is regularly and compactly built on the rectangular system, the immense number of Shinto and Buddhist shrines and temples being almost entirely beyond the city proper. The large suburb beyond the Kamogawa, which is crossed by many bridges, is the finest in respect of inns and temples. The houses,
