K I T K I of a large tree, is formed of sticks intermixed with many strange substances collected as chance may offer, but among them rags l seem always to have a place. The eggs, three or four in number, are of a dull white, spotted and blotched with several shades of brown, and often lilac. It is especi ally mentioned by old authors that in Great Britain the Kite was resident throughout the year ; whereas on the Continent it is one of the most regular and marked migrants, stretching its wings towards the south in autumn, winter ing in Africa, and returning in spring to the land of its birth. There is a second European species, not distantly related, the Milvus migrans or M. ater of most authors, 2 smaller in size, with a general dull blackish-brown plumage and a less forked tail. In some districts this is much commoner than the red Kite, and on one occasion it has appeared in England. Its habits nre very like those of the species already described, but it seems to be more addicted to fish ing. Nearly allied to this Black Kite are the M. segyptius of Africa, the M. govinda (the Pariah Kite of India), 3 the M. melanotis of Eastern Asia, and the M. affinis and M. isurus ; the last is by some authors removed to another genus or sub-genus as Lophoictinia, and is peculiar to Australia, while M. affinis also occurs in Ceylon, Burmah, and some of the Malay countries as well. All these may be considered true Kites, while those next to be mentioned are more aberrant forms. First there is Elanus, the type of which is E. cxruleus, a beautiful little bird, the Black- winged Kite of English authors, that comes to the south of Europe from Africa, and has several congeners E. axillaris and E. scriptus of Australia being most worthy of notice. An extreme development of this form is found in the African Nauderus riocourii, as well as in Elanoides furcatus, the Swallow-tailed Kite, a widely-ranging bird in America, and remarkable for its length of wing and tail, which gives it a marvellous power of flight, and serves to explain the unquestionable fact of its having twice appeared in Great Britain. To Elanus also fctinia, another American form, is allied, though perhaps more remotely, and it is re presented by /. mississipjnensis, the Mississippi Kite, which is by some considered to be but the northern race of the Neotropic.il /. plumbea. Gampsonyx, Rostrhamus, and Cymindls, all belonging to the Neotropical Region, com plete the series of forms that seem to compose the sub family 3f livings, though there may be doubt about the last, and some systematists would thereto add the Perns or Honey-Buzzards, Perninss. (A. N.) KOTO, JOHN (1804-1854), the author of various works connected with Biblical literature, was the son of a mason at Plymouth, where he was born December 4th, 1804. In childhood he was weak and sickly, and he received only a very meagre school education ; but his untoward and miserable circumstances did not prevent the growth of a passionate love of books and an eager thirst for learning. By a fall sustained while assisting his father in his trade he received severe general injuries and lost permanently the sense of hearing. No longer able to support himself by manual labour, he endeavoured to do so by preparing rude drawings and coloured cards in large capital letters, but at last in November 1819 he found it necessary to seek refuge in the workhouse, where he was employed in making 1 Thus justifying the advice of Autolycus ( Winters Tale, act iv. sc. 3) " When the Kite builds, look to lesser linen" very necessary no doubt to the laundresses of former days when the bird commonly frequented their drying grounds. 2 Mr Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Museum, i. p. 322) calls it M. kor- schun ; but the figure of S. G. Gmelin s Accipiter korschun, whence the name is taken, unquestionably represents the Moor-Buzzard, Circus eeruginoius, 3 The Brahminy Kite of India, Haliastur indus, seems to be rather a fishing Engl<*. list shoes. In 1821 he was bound apprentice to a shoe maker in Plymouth, who, however, treated him with such oppressive tyranny that he appealed to the magistrates, and got his indenture cancelled, upon which he again obtained admission to the workhouse. Not long afterwards a fund was -raised in his behalf, and in 1823 he was sent to board with the clerk of the guardians, having his time at his own disposal, and the privilege of making use of a public librarj . After preparing a small volume of miscellanies, which was published by subscription, he became a pupil of Mr Groves, a dentist in Exeter, and in this art rapidly acquired pro ficiency. Through the same gentleman he in 1825 obtained more congenial employment in the printing office of the Church Missionary Society at Islington, from which lie was after two years transferred to the same society s establishment at Malta. There he remained only six months, but shortly after his return to England he accom panied Mr Groves in the capacity of tutor to his two sons on a Christian mission to Baghdad, where he obtained that personal knowledge of Oriental life and habits which he afterwards applied with such tact and skill in the illustra tion of Biblical scenes and incidents. On account of the ravages of the plague the missionary establishment was broken up, and in 1832 Kitto returned to England. On arriving in London he was engaged in the preparation of various serial publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the most important of which were the Pictorial History of Palestine and the Pictorial Bible. Henceforth his life was one of congenial but incessant literary labour. The Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature, edited under his superintendence, appeared in two volumes, 1843-45, and has passed through three editions; and his Daily Bible Illustrations (8 vols., 1849-53) still retain a wide popularity among general readers. On the morning after he had finished the last volume of this work Kitto was seized with a paralytic stroke, and from that time he was incapacitated for literary work. In 1850 he had received an annuity of 100 from the royal civil list ; and on his illness an additional fund was raised on his behalf. In the autumn of 1854 he removed with his family to Cannstatt on the Neckar, where on the 25th November he was seized with an attack which in a few hours proved fatal. See Dr Kitto s own work The Lost Senses, 1815; Ryland s Memoirs of Kitto, 1856 ; and Eadie s Life of Kitto, 1857. KITZINGEN, a town in the government district of Lower Francouia and Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, is situated on the Main, 95 miles south east of Frankfort by rail. A bridge, 950 yards long, connects it with its suburb Etwashausen on the left bank of the river. A railway bridge also spans the Main at this point. Kitzingen has walls and towers, an old church of the 15th century, a trade school and a grammar school, a town house, a hospital (since 1344), and two old convents. Breweries (with large export of beer), a steam-mill for grain, tan, and timber, and manufactories of casks, chocolate, etc., employ the inhabit ants. Considerable trade in wine, fruit, grain, and timber is carried on by boats on the Main. The population in 1875 was 6393. KIUNG-CHOU-FOO. See HAINAN. KIWI, or Kiwi-Kiwi, the Maori name first apparently introduced to zoological literature by Lesson in 1828 (Man. d Ornithologie, ii. p. 210, or Voy. de la " Coquille," Zoologie, p. 418), and now very generally adopted in English of one of the most characteristic forms of New Zealand birds, the Apteryx of scientific writers. This remarkable bird was unknown till Shaw, as almost his latest labour, very fairly described and figured it in 1813 (Nat. Miscellany, pis. 1057, 1058) from a specimen brought to him from the southern coast of that country by Captain
