K A K K A E Uigurs, in the 8th century, it was at the time of Jenghiz the chief seat of Togrul Wang, Marco Polo s Prester John, and under Jenghiz s successor Okkodai it became what it continued to be till 1256, the capital of the Mongolian power. It was visited by Carpini (124C) and Rubruquis (1253). Some ruins of earthworks are still to be traced. See Remusat, Etch, sur la ville de Karakorum ; Yule, Marco Polo ; Geographical Magazine, 1874. KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH (1765-1826), Russian historian, critic, novelist, and poet, was born at the village of Mikhailovka, in the government of Oren burg, and not at Simbirsk as many of his English and Ger man biographers incorrectly state, on the 1st of December (old style) 1765. His father, an officer in the Russian army, of Tartar extraction, was anxious that his son should follow his own profession. The idea was not, how ever, persevered in, and the future author was sent to Moscow to study under Professor Schaden, whence he after wards removed to St Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Dmitrieff, a Russian poet of some merit, and occupied himself with translating essays by foreign writers into his native language. After residing some time at St Petersburg, he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement till induced by a friend to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again betook himself to literary work. In 1789 he resolved to travel, and visited Germany, France, Switzer land, and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with great success. They are elegantly written, and show the feeling of a poet for the scenery of the countries through which he passed, but to many readers of the present day they will appear insipidly sentimental. These letters were first printed in the Moscow Journal, but were afterwards collected and issued in 6 vols. (1797-1801). In the same periodical Karamzin also pub lished translations of some of the tales of Marmontel, whose sickly elegance was then in fashion, and some of his own original stories, among which may be mentioned Poor Liza and Natalia, the Boyar s Daughter, To judge by the cheap editions which are continually appearing, these tales still find readers in Russia. The best of them is Marfa the Posadnitza of Novgorod, but all are more or less dis figured by the sentimentalism already referred to. In 1794 and 1795 Karamsin abandoned his literary journal, and published a miscellany in two volumes, entitled Aglaia, in which appeared, among other things, " The Island of Bornholm " and " Ilia Mourometz," a story based upon the adventures of the well-known hero of many a Russian legend. In 1797-99 he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, The Aonides, in conjunction with Der- zhavin and Dmitrieff. In 1798 he compiled the Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, translated into Russian. Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a volume entitled My Trifles. In 1802 and 1803 Karamzin edited the journal The European Mes senger. It was not till after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength lay, and commenced his History of the Russian Empire. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for some years; and, on the cause of his retirement becoming known to the emperor Alexander, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the em peror the first eight volumes of his history. In 1816 he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander, and sub mitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tzarskoe Selo. He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanoff in 1613. In 1825 the health of Karamzin began to decline, and the emperor Nicholas, who had succeeded to the throne in that year, and continued the favours which his brother had bestowed on the historian, ordered a frigate to be got ready, that he might visit a wanner climate to recruit his failing powers. It was, however, too late ; on the 22d of May (old style) 1826, Karamzin died in the Taurida palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in the year 1845. As an historian Karamsin has deservedly a very high reputation. Till the appearance of his work little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Tatistcheff was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of curious information. The style of his history is elegant and flowing, modelled rather upon the easy sentences of the French prose writers than the long periodical paragraphs of the old Slavonic school. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be censured for the false gloss and romantic air thrown over the early Russian annals, concealing the coarseness and cruelty of the native manners ; in this respect he reminds us of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings svere at this time creating a great sensation throughout Europe, and probably had their influence upon our author. Karamzin appears openly as the panegyrist of the auto cracy ; indeed, his work has been styled the "Epic of Despotism." He does not hesitate to avow his admiration of Ivan the Terrible, and considers him and his grandfather Ivan III. as the builders up of Russian greatness, a glory which in his earlier writings, per haps at that time more under the influence of Western ideas, he had assigned to Peter the Great. In the battle-pieces (e.g., the description of the field of Koulikovo, the taking of Kazan, &c.) we find considerable powers of description ; and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. The study of ethnology and historical criticism has advanced so much since the days of Karamzin that some of his work has necessarily become obsolete, but it will always be read with pleasure and advantage. Xo translation into English of this 0}>us magnum has appeared, although even modern Greek boasts its version. Of the French translation by MM. Saint Thomas and Jauffret Karamzin himself had a mean opinion ; he declared that the average number of mistakes in each of the many volumes was two hundred. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country ; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay (in the Western style) among the Russians. He had read extensively, and modelled himself upon Addison and others of our best writers. As a novelist and writer of tales he imitated the sentimental school then in vogue throughout Europe. As a poet he occupies a subordinate place, but his productions are above mediocrity. Many of his lyrics are graceful and melodious, and the sentiments expressed are those of a benevolent and healthy- minded man. The little poem entitled The Grave deserves special mention. KARASU-BAZAR, a town of Russia, in the govern ment of Taurida, near the rivers Tunas and Karasu, in 45 3 N. lat. and 34 26 E. long., 27 miles from Sim- pheropol on the road to Theodosia. The site is low, but it is surrounded by hills, one of which, the Ak-Ivaya or White Rock, not only affords protection from the north wind, but so reflects the sunshine upon the town that it enjoys a much milder climate than the surrounding region. The dirty streets full of petty traders, the gloomy bazaar with its multitude of small shops, the market squares, the blind alleys, the little gates in the dead court-yard walls, all give the place the stamp of a Tartar or Turkish town, and remind the visitor that here was after 1763 the seat of the Crimean khans. In 1861 there were twenty-four mosques, but several have fallen into decay ; in one of them is the tomb of Yakubaga-Rudzvitch, the founder of the well-known Crimean family. Of the nume rous caravanserais, the Tash-Khan is the most notable a strong half-fortified building erected in 1656. Placed on the high road between Simpheropol and Kertch, and in the midst of a country rich in corn-land, vineyards, and gardens, Karasu-Bazar used to be a chief seat of commer cial activity in the Crimea ; but it is gradually declining in importance. The population consists of Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Tartars, and (in smaller numbers) Russians. The bulk of the trade is in the hands of the Armenians, and they are also the owners of the great proportion of
