162 K U S K Y Kustendje is the Constantiana which was founded in honour of Constantia, sister of Constantiue the Great. It lies at the seaward end of the Great Wall of Trajan, and has evidently been sur rounded by fortifications of its own. In spite of damage done by railway contractors (see Henry C. Barkley, Between the Danube and the Black Sea, 1876) there are considerable remains of ancient masonry walls, pillars, &c. A number of inscriptions have been found in the town and its vicinity which show that Tomi, the place of Ovid s banishment, must have been only a little way off. In regard to the Kustendje inscriptions in general, see AlLud, La Bulgarie Orientate, Paris, 1866 ; Desjardins in Ann. dell istit. di corr. arch., 186S ; Coiyus inscript. lat., vol. iii. ; and a paper on Weickum s collection in SitzungsbericJit of the Munich Academy, 1875. KUSTRIN, or CUSTRIN, a town and fortress of the first rank in the circle of Konigsberg-in-der-Neumark, in the government district of Frankfort, Prussia, is situated at the confluence of the Oder and Warthe, about 51 miles north east of Berlin by rail. It consists of the town proper within the strong fortifications, a suburb on the left bank of the Oder, and one on the right bank of the Warthe. There are bridges over both rivers. Kustrin carries on several minor manufactures, and there is some shipping in the rivers. The population in 1875 (including the garrison) was 11,227. About 1250 a town was erected on the site of Kustrin, where a fishing village originally stood. From 1535 till 1571 it was the residence of the margrave of Brandenburg- Kustrin, who died without heirs. Kustrin was the prison of Frederick the Great when crown-prince, and the scene of the execution of his friend Katte. KUTAIAH, KUTAYA, or KIUTAHIA, the chief town of a sandjak in the vilayet of Khudavendikiar, Asia Minor, is situated on the Pursak, an affluent of the Sakaria, the ancient Sangarius. The town lies at an important point of the great road across Asia Minor from Constantinople to Aleppo. It has a busy trade, and a population variously estimated at from 40,000 to 60,000. Kutaiah has been identified with Cotia3um. KUTAIS, a town of the Caucasus, Russia, capital of the province of same name, GO miles east from Poti, and 4 miles from the Rion station of the railway be tween Poti and Tiflis. It is one of the oldest towns of the Caucasus ; Procopius mentions it under the name of Kotatision. Persians, Mongolians, Turks, and Russians have again and again destroyed the town and its fortress. In 1810 it became Russian. It is situated now on both banks of the Rion river, which is spanned by an iron bridge. Its most remarkable building is the ruined cathedral, erected in the llth century by the Bagratides, which is the most important representative of Georgian architecture. The fort Uhimerion, mentioned by Procopius, is now but a heap of ruins. During recent years Kutais has acquired some importance, and its population is rapidly increasing; it is now 12,000. The inhabitants make hats and silks, and trade in agricultural produce and wine. On the right bank of the Rion is a Government model-garden, with a model-farm for promoting the improvement of gardening, for which the warm and moist district of Imeritia is well adapted. KUTTENBERG (in Czech, Kutnd Hora), chief town of an official district in central Bohemia, Austria, is situated on a small stream in a fertile region, about 180 miles north-west of Vienna by rail. It consists of the town and four suburbs, and among its buildings rich in historical and^ architectural interest are the Gothic five-naved church of St Barbara, begun in 1368 and not yet finished, several other churches, the Walscher Hof, formerly a royal resi dence and mint, the seminary, formerly a bishop s seat, and the Gothic town-house. The manufactures include starch, rape-seed oil, beer, sugar, brandy, and liqueurs ; and there are various mills, and calico printing and wool-spin ning establishments. The mines in the neighbourhood, discovered in 1237, used formerly to yield silver; now they give only copper and lead. The population in 1870 was 12,747. KUTY, a municipal town in the Austrian province of Galicia, lies 20 miles south-east of Kolomea, and on the left bank of the Czeremosz, which here forms the boundary between Galicia and Bukowina, in 48 16 N. lat., 25 10 E. long. The trade, especially in prepared leather, is chiefly with Hungary and the northern or Moldavian portion of Roumania. The neighbourhood of Kuty is picturesque and mountainous, and has productive salt springs. Population 8579, mostly of Armenian, Ruthenian, Polish, and Jewish extraction. Kuty formerly belonged to the old province of Ruthenia, in the kingdom of Poland. KUZNETSK, a district town of Russia, in the govern ment of Samara, situated on the railway between Samara and Penza, 158 miles west of the former. In the 18th century it was but a village peopled by smiths (whence its name), and it is through this trade that it has acquired its importance. The majority of its 15,000 inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, exported to a large amount, whilst others are employed in tanneries, the black sheep skins of Kuznetsk being widely renowned in Russia, and in the manufacture of leather and wooden wares, which last are largely exported to the southern steppe provinces and to the Caucasus. KYOUK-HPYU, a district in British Burmah, lying between 18 55 and 19 22 N. lat., and 93 25 and 94 E. long. It consists of, first, a strip of mainland along the Bay of Bengal, extending from the An Pass, across the main range, to the Ma-i river, and, secondly, the large islands of Ramri and Man-oung, with many others to the south, lying off the coast of Sandoway. The mainland in the north and east is highly mountainous and forest-clad, and the lower portion is cut up into numerous islands by a network of tidal creeks. Between the mainland and Ramri lies a group of islands separated by deep, narrow, salt-water inlets, forming the north-eastern shore of Kyouk-hpyu harbour, which extends for nearly 30 miles along Ramri in a south-easterly direction, and has an average breadth of 3 miles. The principal mountains are the Arakan Yomas, which send out spurs and sub-spurs almost to the sea-coast. The An Pass, an important trade route, rises to a height of 4664 feet above sea-level. The Dha-let and the An are navigable by large boats 25 and 45 miles respectively. Above these distances they are mere mountain torrents. Large forests of valuable timber cover an area of about 650 square miles. Kyouk-hpyu contains numerous " mud volcanoes," from which marsh gas is frequently discharged, with occasional issues of flame. The largest of these is situated in the centre of Cheduba Island. Earth-oil wells exist in several places in the district. The oil when brought to the surface has the appearance of a whitish-blue water, which gives out brilliant straw-coloured rays, and emits a strong pungent colour. Limestone, iron, and coal are also found. In 1872 the population was 144,177 (males 73,056 and females 71,121) : Buddhists, 129,702: Mohammedans, 3920; Hindus, 185; Christians, 47; others," 10,323. The largest town is Ramri, with a population in 1877 of 4028. Kjouk-hpyu, the headquarters, situated on Ramri Island, has 2620. Out of a total area of 4309 square miles, no less than 3740 are returned as absolutely uncul- tivable, and in 1876-77 only 165 square miles were under tillage. The principal crops are rice, sugar-cane, dhani, and tobacco. The manufactures consist of silk and cotton cloth, indigo, salt, pottery, coarse sugar, and sesamum oil. The total imperial and provincial revenue in 1876-77 was 43,454, besides a local revenue derived from port and municipal funds, fec.
