498 LHASA absolute necessary to the Tibetan ; he is miserable with out it. The chief industries of Lhasa are the weaving of a great variety of stuffs from the fine Tibetan wool ; the making of earthenware (said to be of very good quality), and of the wooden porringers (varying immensely in elaboration and price) of which every Tibetan carries one about with him ; also the making of certain fragrant sticks of pastille much valued in China and elsewhere. It is curious that Tibet, though using coined money, seems never, strictly speaking, to have had a coinage of its own. Till nearly the end of last century the coinage had for a long time been derived from Nepal. That valley prior to the Gorkha domination (1768) was under three native dynasties (at Bhatgaon, Patan, and Khatmandu), and these struck silver mohurs, as they were called, of the nominal value of half a rupee. The coins were at first not struck specially for Tibetan use, but were so afterwards. These latter bore (obverse) a Nepalese emblem surrounded by eight fleurons containing the eight sacred Buddhist jewels, and (reverse) an eight-petalled flower surrounded by eight fleurons con taining the names of the eight jewels in Tibetan characters. Ingots of Chinese silver were sent from Lhasa with a small proportion of gold dust, and an equal weight in mohurs was returned, leaving to the Nepal rajahs, between gold- dust and alloy, a good profit. The quality of these coins (weighing about 81 grains Troy) was low, and at last deteriorated so much that the Tibetans deserted the Nepal mints. The Gorkhas, after becoming masters of Nepal, were anxious to renew the profitable traffic in coin, and in this view sent a deputation to Lhasa, with a quantity of coin to be put in circulation. But the Gorkhas were mis trusted, and their coin refused. A coinage was then issued (it would appear once only) in Tibet for domestic use, modelled on an old Khatmandu pattern, and struck by Nepalese artists (see fig. 1). The Gorkhas, however, FIG. 1. Coin struck in Tibet, from specimen in India Library ; inscribed "27th year (of cycle = 1772 A.D. ) from the princely residence of Galdan." in 1788 and following years continued to strike coins of progressively debased quality, which were rude imitations of the old Nepalese mintage (see fig. 2), and to endeavour to force this currency on the Tibetans, eventually making the departure of the latter from old usage a pretext for war and invasion. This brought the intervention of the FIG. 2. Gorkha debased coinage ; rubbing from coin in British Museum. Chinese, who drove the Gorkhas out of Tibet (1792), and then began to strike silver coins for Lhasa use, bearing Chinese and Tibetan characters (see fig. 3). For prac tical use these Tibeto-Chinese coins (of which 2 J = 1 rupee, and which are known as naktany, i.e., nayskyany, " cash "), are cut into aliquot parts by the guidance of the figures on them. Large lumps of Chinese silver, stamped IG. 3. Tibeto-Chinese coinage ( " Kienlung, 58th year," i.e., 1793 A.D.). From specimen in India Library. with the imperial seal, are also used. But of late years there has been an enormous influx of Anglo-Indian rupees, so that these have become practically the currency of the country, even to the frontier of China, and are now counted, instead of being valued as bullion. They are called Peiliiif/ ch ranka, or chanka (probably Hind, tankd), "English (Firinghi?) coins." Those that bear a crowned head of the queen are called Lama heads, the crown being taken for a wandering lama s head-gear. This great influx of rupees indicates a very considerable amount of trade with India. And, in spite of the extraordinary difficulties of the road eastward from Lhasa, quantities of trifling European articles find their way even to Tatsienlu on the Chinese frontier. Mr Baber found quarter-rupees very popular as buttons, Britisli army buttons very common, corkscrews offered for sale (though no one knew their use), and tin-plates very common, stamped with the heads of Napoleon III., Mr Gladstone, and other celebrities. The permanent population embraces, besides Tibetans of the country, settled families of Chinese and Kashmiris in considerable numbers, as well as people from Bhotan and Nepal, from Ladak and even from Patna. The Kashmiris and many of the other foreigners are Mohammedans, and much of the trade is in their hands. Desideri, a century and a half ago, speaks also of Armenians and even " Muscovites." The Chinese have a crowded burial-ground at Lhasa, tended carefully after their manner. The Kashmiris, who are called Khaclihe, are an important body, and have their mosque, and a provost, at once civil and religious, who is recognized by the Government. With their turbans, their fine Caucasian features, and their beards, they strikingly contrast with the mass of other nationalities. The Nepalese (called at Lhasa, according to Hue, Pe-buii) supply all the mechanics and metal-workers. There are among them excellent gold and silversmiths ; and they make the elaborate gilded canopies crowning the temples, which form so notable a feature of Lhasa. Hue describes a striking custom among the native population. Every evening, as light begins to fail, they leave off business, and form groups in the streets ; all sit down and begin to chant prayer in a low voice. " The combination of religious music arising from these numerous companies produces an aggregate of vast and solemn harmony, which is exceedingly moving." In the middle of the city is an open space or place, in which markets are held ; this is densely thronged in the afternoon and evening. On the north side, overlooking this place, is a great building which is the residence of the Gyalbo, or so-called king of Tibet. It was built at great cost by the dissolute Lama who was set up by the crafty regent Sangje Gyampo, and put to death by the Calmuck prince Latsan or Jenghiz Khan in 1706-7 (see infra ); and, as the Lama used to divert himself there with the dances of the ladies of Lhasa, the palace is known as the
