642 L I L L I L planted with, trees, form a public walk. Within the citadel are extensive barracks and a considerable arsenal. The church of Notre Dame de la Treille, in the style of the 13th century, which has been in process of building since 1855, occupies the site of the old Chateau du Buc, the original nucleus of the city. The town-house, on the site of the old palace of the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, was built in 1846. The exchange, which dates from the period of the Spanish domination, is in an original style. It is surmounted by a graceful campanile, and contains a statue of Napoleon L, made from cannon taken at Austerlitz. In the middle of the great square stands a column, erected in 1848, commemorating the defence of the town in 1792. There are several large hospitals, faculties of medicine and of science, a Catholic institute, comprising the five faculties of theology, letters, law, science, and medicine, an academy of music affiliated to the Conservatoire at Paris, several learned societies, and a large number of various kinds of schools. The picture gallery, with upwards of eight hundred works, is one of the richest in the provinces, and the Wicar museum con tains a unique collection of original designs of the great Italian masters. Lille possesses also an ethnographical museum (Muse e Moillet), as well as museums of archaeo- 10gy, numismatics, the industrial arts, and natural history. The communal library is also worthy of mention ; it includes numerous MSS., and particularly a valuable Evangeliarium of the 12th or 13th century. On the front of the building where the departmental archives are kept are to be seen medallions of all the sovereigns who have successively possessed Lille from Baldwin of the Iron Arm to Louis XIV. Lille, which is pre-eminently a manufactur ing and commercial town, enjoys exceptional advantages as regards means of transit. The lower Deule is canalized to its junction with the Lys, and there is continuous water communication with the Scheldt in Belgium, and with Paris by way of Douai and St Quentin. The town is at the same time an important railway junction, and is also pro vided with tramways. The principal industry is flax-spinning, in which thirty- five mills, with 190,000 spindles, give employment to 14,000 persons (of whom 9000 are females), the annual turnover being 1,800,000. Forty thread mills employ 2000 persons, and produce thread to the annual value of .240,000. Fifteen factories, with 1000 operatives, produce woollen goods worth from 120,000 to 160,000 per annum ; 5000 persons are engaged in cotton-spinning (115,000 spindles), to the amount of 800,000. There are besides eighty factories in which damasks, tickings, and the usual staples of the linen trade are manufactured; quilts and packsheets occupy from 6000 to 7000 persons, and 4000 are employed in producing the fabric out of which the smock frocks of the peasantry are made. Connected with these industries are dye-works, bleach- fields, and establishments for the production of engines, looms, and combing and carding machines ; and there are also chemical works, sugar-works, breweries, and oil-works. 1 The state manufacture of tobacco in Lille gives employment to 1200 persons. The total population of Lille in 1876 was 162,775. Lille is said to date its origin from the time of Count Baldwin IV., who in 1030 surrounded with walls a little town which had arisen around the castle of Buc. At the end of the 12"th century Lille, which had developed rapidly, obtained communal privileges. Destroyed by Philip Augustus in 1212, it was rebuilt by Johanna of Constantinople, but besieged and retaken by Philip the Fair in 1297. After having taken part with the Flemings against the king of France, it was ceded to the latter in 1312. In 1369 Charles V. gave it to Louis de Male, who transmitted his rights to his daughter 1 The old commune of Moulins, now annexed to the town, derived its name from the windmills in which the oil was pressed. Margaret, wife of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy. Under the Burgundian rule Lille enjoyed great prosperity ; its merchants were at the head of the London Hansa. Philip the Good made it his residence, and within its walls held the first chapters of the order of the Golden Fleece. With the rest of Flanders it passed from the dukes of Burgundy to Austria, and then to Spain. After the death of the Philip IV. of Spain, Louis XIV. reclaimed the territory, and besieged Lille in 1667. He forced it to capitulate, but preserved all its laws, customs, privileges, freedoms, and liberties. In 1708, after ail heroic resistance, it surrendered to Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough. The treaty of Utrecht restored it to France. In 1792 the Austrians bombarded it for nine days and nights without intermission, but had ultimately to raise the siege. (G. ME.) LILLE BONNE, capital of a canton in the department of Seine-Inf6rieure, France, 131 miles west-north-west by rail from Paris, and 20 miles due east from Havre, is a pretty little town, picturesquely built at the foot of wooded hills, in the valley of the Bolbec, which falls into the Seine 3 miles lower, at Port Je"r6me. The principal industries are cotton-spinning and the manufacture of calico. The population in 1876 was 5400. Lillebonne was the capital of the Caletes, or inhabitants of the Pays de Caux, in the time of Caesar, by whom it was destroyed. It was afterwards rebuilt by Augustus, who called it Juliobona after his daughter ; and before it was again ruined by the barbarian invasions it had become a very important centre, whence Pioman roads branched out in all directions. Some forty years ago the remains of ancient baths and of a theatre capable of containing 3000 persons were brought to light. Statues, tombstones, all sorts of articles in iron, bronze, ivory, marble, stone, glass, &c. , have been found in the course of excavation, and deposited, for the most part, in the museum at Rouen. The most beautiful object yet discovered is a large mosaic found in 1870 (some 28 feet by 21). In the Middle Ages the fortifications of the town were constructed out of the materials supplied by the theatre. William of Normandy built at Lillebonne a castle whence he dates several charters. It is now a ruin within a charming park. The 13th century donjon, with walls over 12 feet in thickness, is in admirable preservation. The church of Notre Dame, of the 16th century, had a fine porch, formerly adorned with rich sculptures, which have mostly dis appeared. The graceful tower is about 180 feet high. LILLY, WILLIAM (1602-1681), an astrologer somewhat famous in his day, was born in 1602, at Diseworth in Leicestershire, his family having been settled as yeomen in the place for " many ages." He received a tolerably good classical education at the school of Ashby-de-la-Zouche, but he naively tells us what may perhaps have some significance iu reference to his after career, that his master "never taught logic." In his eighteenth year, in consequence of his father having fallen into great poverty, he went to London, and was employed in a sort of menial situation in attendance on an old citizen and his svife, with whom he so managed to ingratiate himself that his master, at his death in 1627, left him an annuity of 20 ; and, Lilly having soon afterwards married the widow, she, dying in 1633, left him property to the value of about 1000. Having now a good deal of leisure on his hands, he began to dabble in astrology, reading all the books on the subject he could fall in with, and occasionally trying his hand at unravelling mysteries by means of his art. The years 1642 and 1643 were devoted to a careful revision of all his previous reading, and in particular having lighted on Valentine Naibod s Commentary on Alchdbitiw, he "seriously studied him and found him to be the pro- foundest author lue ever met with." Him he "traversed over day and night," and so " advanced his judgment and knowledge " to the utmost height he ever arrived at. He characterizes him as " a most rational author and the sharpest expositor of Ptolemy that hath yet appeared." About the same time he tells us that he " did carefully take notice of every grand action betwixt king and parlia ment, and did first then incline to believe that as all sub lunary affairs depend on superior causes, so there was a possibility of discovering them by the configurations of the superior bodies." And, having thereupon "made some essays," he " found encouragement to proceed further, and
