COUNTY.] LINCOLN 655 According to the agricultural returns for 1881, the total area under crops comprehended 1,498,676 acres, a percentage of 847 in stead of 81 7 in 1870 ; corn crops had an area of 611,977 acres, a per centage of 34 6 instead of 34 9 in 1870 ; green crops, 238,719 acres, a percentage of 13 5 instead of 13 2 in 1870; rotation grasses, 167, 252 acres, a percentage of 9 5 instead of 9 "4 ; permanent pasture, 440,422 acres, a percentage of 24 9 instead of 23 0. The area under crops is thus more than three times the amount under pasturage. The area under woods in 1881 was 39,431 acres, and under orchards 1788, under market gardens 660, under nursery grounds 137. Of the corn crops the most largely grown is wheat, which in 1881 occu pied 245, 645 acres, barley or bere, grown mostly on the W olds and the Heath districts, coming next with 199,900 acres ; then oats, 113,564 acres ; lastly rye, 1300 acres. . Beans occupied 41,073 acres, pease 10,495 acres. Of the green crops the most largely grown in 1881 were turnips and swedes, 142,300 acres, mostly on the Wolds and Lincoln Heath. Potatoes occupied 39,794 acres ; mangold, 21,438 ; vetches and other green crops, except clover or grass, 18,615 acres ; cabbage, kohl-rabi, and rape, 15,057 acres ; carrots, 1515 acres. Onions are raised to a great extent in the Isle of Axholme, and under good management have been known to return 50 per acre. Flax occupied 353 acres, and hops 3. The bare fallow or uncropped arable land in 1881 was 39,950 acres. In 1870, 817 per cent, of the entire area of Lincolnshire was returned as cultivated, in 1879, 84 1 per cent., and in 1880, 84 5. The number of horses used solely for agriculture in 1881 was 49,656 ; mares and unbroken horses, 15,171 total, 64,827. The number of cows and heifers in milk or in calf in 1881 was 53,499, and of other cattle 156,706. The number of sheep was 1,336,147, or 90 2 for every 100 acres, the average for Great Britain being 76 3, for England 62 4. Pigs in 1881 numbered 82,497. The agriculture of Lincolnshire is only second to that of East Lothian, by which alone it is excelled in the use of fixed steam- engines upon its farmsteads. In the south part of the county small proprietors abound. According to the landowner s returns for 1872-73, the land in the county of Lincoln was divided among 30,497 owners, and its gross estimated rental was 3,173,825. Of the owners, 13,768, or more than 45 percent., possessed less than 1 acre ; the average value per acre was 1, 19s. 6^d. There were four proprietors possessing over 20,000 acres each : Earl of Yarborough, 55,272 acres; Lady Willoughby de Eresby, 24,696 acres; Henry Chaplin, M. P., 23,370 acres; and Christopher Turner, 20,664 acres. The following table gives a classification of holdings accord ing to size as returned on the 25th June 1875 and the 4th June 1880 : 50 Acres and under. 50 to 100 Acres. 100 to 300 Acres. 300 to 500 Acres. 500 to 1000 Acres. 1000 Acres and upwards. Total. 1875. 1880. 1875. 1880. 1875. 1880. 1875. 1880. 1875. 1880. 1875. 1880. 1875. 1880. Number 19,706 221,837 20,203 224,826 2,181 156,085 2,196 155,559 2,8*8 511.042 2,826 500,575 817 313,136 833 318,612 370 239,468 388 249,538 28 33,879 36 45,516 25,990 1,475,447 26,542 1,494,626 Manufactures and Trade. The manufactures are few and comparatively small. There are, however, some large agricultural machine and steam-engine factories in and around Lincoln ; and similar works exist at Boston, Gains borough, Grantham, and Louth. At Frodingham there are extensive iron-works. At Little Bytham a very hard brick, called the adamantine clinker, is made of the silicious clay that the Romans used for their manufactures of pottery. At Louth there is a carpet manufactory, also several tanneries and iron foundries. Bone crushing, leather working, the manufacture of oil-cake for cattle, rope making, and sack weaving are carried on in various places. The chief ports are Grimsby, Boston, Sutton Bridge, and Gainsborough, the first being by far the most important. For the fisheries of GKIMSBY see vol. ix. p. 249. Railways. The first line opened in the county was the Midland Railway to Lincoln, in August 1846. The Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway, first opened in 1848-49, goes from Lincoln north-east to Market Rasen, and thence, by way of Barnetby and Ulceby junc tions, to Grimsby and Cleethorpes. A second branch runs north-east from Gainsborough to New Holland and Barton on the Humber, and a third from Barnetby due west to the Yorkshire coal-fields. The Great Northern main line runs through the south-west of the county past Grantham to Newark, and throws off several branches. A loop line connecting Spalding, Boston, and Lincoln with the direct line from London to York was opened in 1848. The East Lincolnshire Railway (leased to the Great Northern) runs from Boston to Grimsby. Administration. The primary divisions of Lincolnshire are three trithings or ridings. The north division constitutes the Parts of Lindsey, the south-west the Parts of Kesteven, and the south-east the Parts of Holland. Each of these divisions had before the. Norman Conquest its own trithing gerefa or reeve, and to this day each lias its separate magistrates, quarter sessions, clerk of the pence and treasurer, but they are all under one lord-lieu tenant and one sheriff, and subject to the court of assize held at Lincoln. These "Parts" are again subdivided into wapeutakes, sokes, and hundreds. The tritliings do not in any way coincide with parliamentary divisions. The Parts of Lindsey comprise more than half the county, and contain seventeen wapentakes. The Parts of Kesteven, exclusive of the soke and borough of Grantham and the borough of Stamford, comprise nine wapentakes. The Parts of Holland comprise three wapentakes only. Before the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 Lincolnshire sent twelve members to parliament two for the county, two for the city of Lincoln, and two each for the boroughs of Great Grimsby, Boston, Grantham, and Stamford. After the passing of that Act the county returned four members, and Grimsby lost one. In 1867 Stamford also lost a member, and the representation of the county, newly divided into Mid, North, and South Lincolnshire, was increased to six, each new division returning two members. Lincolnshire comprises one city, Lincoln (population 37,312), which is also a municipal and parliamentary borough ; four other municipal and parliamentary boroughs Boston (18,867), Grantham (17,345), Great Grimsby (45,373), Stamford, partly in Northampton (8995); and one municipal borough Louth (10,690). The county belongs to the midland circuit. Besides the winter and summer assizes held at Lincoln, there are spring assizes held at the same place for Lincoln and Notts, and autumn assizes at Notting ham for Notts and Lincoln. Quarter sessions for the Parts of Lindsey are held at Lincoln and Spilsby, for the Parts of Kesteven at Bourn and Sleaford, for the Parts of Holland at Boston and Spalding. The county is divided into seventeen county court districts, many of which coincide with the unions. For the con venience of rating there are eighteen poor law 7 unions ; five of these, however, include eighty parishes in the adjacent counties. Ecclesi- tically the county, with that of Nottingham, forms the diocese of Lincoln, which is divided into the three archdeaconries of Lincoln, Stow, and Nottingham, the latter place giving title to a suffragan bishop without a see. Education. The educational resources of the county in 1881 embraced one theological and one training college, both at Lincoln, and fourteen endowed grammar schools at the following places : Alford (founded 1565), Boston (1554), Bourn (1636), Caistor (1630), Donington (1701), Gainsborough (1589), Grantham (1528), Horn- castle (1571), Lincoln (1583), Louth (1551), Moulton (1561), Sleaford (1604), Spalding (1588), Spilsby (1550). Population. In 1881 the population of the county was 469,994 (235,014 males and 234,980 females) ; in 1861 it had been 412,246, and 436,599 in 1871. The figures for nine of the principal towns, in addition to the boroughs already given, are as follows : Bourn (7121), Caistor (8793), Gainsborough (10,964), Glandford Brigg (3107), Holbeach (5190), Horncastle (4814), Sleaford (4967), Spald ing (9260), and Spilsby (7082). History and Antiquities. It is highly probable that theterritory now forming Lincolnshire was first settled by a tribe of the Belgse, who, however, at the time of the invasion by Caesar, had become a mixed race with the real Britons. This territory was imaffected b) Cnesar s first invasion, and even after the reduction of Britain by Claudius the Fenland remained intact. The county was conquered about 70 A.D., and formed part of the province of Flavia Ccusari- ensis. The tribes which occupied Lincolnshire, according to Ptolemy, were the Coritani, who had Lindum and Katse (Leicester) for their towns. The date of the introduction of Christianity is uncertain, but we learn from Bede (Hist. Ecclcs., ii. 16) that Adclphius of Colonia Londincnsium, which has been mistaken for London, attended the council of Aries (314). Under the Saxon kingdom of Mercia, Lindsey, which probably extended nearly or quite over the modern county of Lincoln, appears to have been a dependent state. Under Edwin of Northumbria, the conqueror of Mercia, Christianity was reintroduced by Pauliuus of
