L I N L I N 663 his nation from the incubus of slavery, faithful adherence to law and conscientious moderation in the use of power, a shining per sonal example of honesty and purity, and finally the possession of that subtle and indefinable magnetism by which he subordinated and directed dangerously disturbed and perverted moral and politi cal forces to the restoration of peace and constitutional authority to his country, and the gift of liberty to four millions of human beings. Architect of his own fortunes, rising with every opportunity, mas tering every emergency, fulfilling every duty, he not only proved himself pre-eminently the man for the hour, but the signal benefactor of posterity. As statesman, ruler, and liberator civilization will hold his name in perpetual honour. (J. G. N.) LINDAU, a town in the government district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, and the central point of the transit trade between that country and Switzerland, is situated on two islands off the north-eastern shore of Lake Constance, in 47 34 N. lat., 9 43 E. long. The town is a terminus of the Yorarlberg Railway, and of the Munich-Lindau line of the Bavarian State Railway, and is connected with the mainland both by a wooden bridge and by a railway embankment of stone erected in 1853. There are Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a royal chateau, an old town-hall, classical, commercial, and industrial schools, and also manufactories for surgical and musical instruments, a fishery, and a fine harbour provided with a lighthouse and much visited by steamers from Constance and other places on the lake. Opposite the custom-house is a bronze statue of king Maximilian II., erected in 1856. The trade is chiefly in grain, fruit, wine, cherry-brandy, fish, cheese, and lard. In January 1882 the population was about 5350. On the site which the town now occupies there is believed to have been formerly an ancient Roman camp, Castrum Tibcrii. Authentic records of Lindau date back to the end of the 9th cen tury. In 1531 it joined the Smalkald league, and in 1647 was in effectually besieged by the Swedes. From 1275 to 1803 it was a freeMmperial town. In 1804 it passed to Austria, and in 1805 to Bavaria. LINDLEY, JOHN (1799-1 865 ), botanist, was born on February 5, 1799, at Catton near Norwich, where his father, George Lindley, author of A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, owned a nursery garden. He was educated at Norwich grammar school, and early manifested a taste for the studies in which he afterwards gained dis tinction. His first publication, in 1819, a translation of the Analyse dit Fruit of Richard, was followed in 1820 by an original Jfonographia Rosarum, with descriptions of new species, and drawings executed by himself, and in 1821 by Monographia Digitalium, and by "Observations on Pomaceae " contributed to the Transactions of the Linnean Society. Shortly afterwards he went to London, where he was engaged by Loudon to write the descriptive portion of the Encydop&dia of Plants. In the course of his labours on this undertaking, which was completed in 1829, and of which the " botanical merits " are in the preface assigned by the editor to Lindley, he became thoroughly convinced of the superiority of the " natural " system of Jussieu, as distinguished from the "artificial" system of Linnaeus followed in the Encyclopedia ; the conviction found expres sion in A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order (1829), and in An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830). In 1829 Lindley, who since 1822 had been assistant secretary to the Horticultural Society, was appointed to the chair of botany in University College, London ; he lectured also on botany from 1831 at the Royal Institution, and from 1835 at the Botanic Gardens, Chelsea. During his professoriate of more than thirty years he- wrote many scientific and popular works, besides contributing largely to the Botanical Register, of which he was editor for many years, and to the Gardener s Chronicle, in which he had charge of the horticultural department from 1841. He became a fellow of the Royal, Linnean, and Geological Societies, and had the honour of being admitted to a large number of foreign scientific bodies. He resigned his chair in 1860, and died of apoplexy at Turnham Green on November 1, 1865. Besides those already mentioned, the works of Lindley include An Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture (1832), An Out line of the Structure and Physiology of Plants (1832), A Natural System of Botany (1836), The Fossil Flora of Great Britain (tho joint work of Lindley and Hutton, 1831-37), Flora Mcdica (1838), The Vegetable Kingdom (1846), Theory of Horticulture (2d ed., 1855), Folia Orchidacca (1852), Descriptive J?oto?i?/(1858), a Ladies Botany, * School Botany, the volume Botany in the Library of Useful Knowledge, and most of the botanical articles in the Penny Cyclopaedia. See BOTAXT, vol. iv. p. 81. LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS (1723-1808), an English theo logical writer, was born in Middlewich, Cheshire, on June 20, 1723, was educated at the Leeds Free School, and in 1741 entered St John s College, Cambridge, of which, after graduating with distinction, he became a fellow in 1747. For sometime he held a curacy in Spitalfields, London, and from 1754 to 1756 he travelled on the Continent in the capacity of tutor to the young duke of Northumberland. On his return he was presented to the living of Kirkby- Wiske in Yorkshire, and after exchanging it for that of Piddletown in Dorsetshire he in 1763 removed to Catterick in Yorkshire. Meanwhile he had begun to entertain anti-Trinitarian views, and to be troubled in conscience about their inconsistency with the creed he had repeatedly subscribed ; since 1769 the intimate friendship of Priestley had served to foster his scruples, and in 1771 be united with Archdeacon Blackburne (his father-in-law), Jebb, Wyvell, and Law in preparing a petition to parlia ment with the prayer that clergymen of the church, and graduates of the universities, might be relieved from the burden of subscribing to the thirty-nine articles, and "restored to their undoubted rights as Protestants of interpreting Scripture for themselves." After two hundred and fifty signatures to the document had, with six months of vast effort on Lindsey s part, been obtained, it was, in February 1772, rejected in the House of Commons by a majority of two hundred and seventeen to seventy-one ; the adverse vote was repeated in the following year, and in the end of 1773, seeing no prospect of obtaining within the church the relief which his conscience demanded, Lindsey resigned his vicarage and took leave of a warmly attached congregation. In April 1774 he began to conduct a Unitarian service in a room in Essex Street, Strand, London ; four years later he removed to a chapel built for him in the same street. Here he continued to labour till 1793, when he resigned his charge in favour of Disney, who like himself had left the established church, and had become his colleague. His active interest in the Unitarian movement continued, however, until his death, which took place on November 3, 1808. Lindsey s chief work is An Historical View of the State of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship from the Reformation to our own Times, 1783 ; in it he claims, amongst others, Burner, Tillotson, S. Clarke, Hoadly, and Sir I. Xewton for the Unitarian view. His other publications, mostly occasional, include Apology on Resigning the Vicarage of Catterick (1774), and Sequel to the Apology (1776); The Book of Common Prayer reformed according to the plan of the late Dr Samuel Clarke, 1774; Dissertations on the Preface to St John s Gospel and on praying to Jesus Christ, 1779; Vindiciie Pricstlcianse, 1788 ; Conversations upon Christian Idolatry, 1792 ; and Conver sations on the, Divine Government, shoicing that everything is from God, and for good to all, 1802. Two volumes of Sermons, with appropriate prayers annexed, were published posthumously in 1810; and a volume of Memoirs, by Thomas Belsham, appeared in 1812. LINEN MANUFACTURES. Under this term are comprehended all yarns spun and fabrics woven from flax fibre. The cultivation and preparation of the fibre, and its treatment till it reaches the market as a commercial product, are dealt with under FLAX, vol. ix. p. 293. From the earliest periods of human history till almost the close of the 1 8th century the linen manufacture was
