668 L I N L I N It is only in Ireland that the linen industries during the above period have exhibited a healthy expansion. To that country alone the following figures apply : 1806. 1861. 1870. 1880. 113 217 312 568,003 593 000 867.000 911,000 (1859) 3,633 4,933 (1871) 14,509 21.153 The number of flax spindles and power-looms in the European factories in 1881 is given in the Annual Report of the Irish Flax Supply Association as follows : Spindles. Power- Looms. Spindles. Power- Looms. 879,835 2(15,263 190,808 470,000 380,440 318,467 295,140 21,177 16,756 4,081 22,000 500 8,000 4,755 Russia 160,000 59,223 9,000 7,700 3,810 3,000 1,200 9S 1,000 Scotland Italy Switzerland Holland Austria-Hungary ... In all these returns no account is taken of the hand-looms in use, although in most of the Continental districts hand-loom weaving is more common than weaving by power. The amount and declared value of the exports of linens, linen yarn, &c., from the United Kingdom at intervals extending over fifty years is thus stated from official sources : Year. Linen Manufactures. Thread, Ac. Yarns. Yards. Value in Value in R> Value in 1831 69,283,892 2,400,043 61,661 1841 90,321,761 3,194,827 111,261 17,733,575 822,876 1851 129.106,753 3.822.935 284,461 18.841,326 951,426 1861 116.322,469 3,571,131 269,778 27,1)81,042 1,622,216 1871 220.467,476 6,911,223 592,593 36,235,625 2,218,129 1881 173,853,300 5,163,663 680,200 18,285,500 1,057,172 The principal consumers of British linen manufactures are indi cated in the following table, showing the exports for the year 1881: Country. Piece Goods. Yarns. United States Spanish West Indies Yards. 82,050,900 19,038,500 13 526 200 Value in 2,344,910 447,653 404,917 209.223 155,237 173,924 11,241 1,089,477 tl> 2,476,500 1,527, 200 2,438.100 1,629.500 6.552,600 3,661,600 Value in 209 ,165 187,164 102.364 125,619 280,212 157,648 German v 4,980,900 British North America 6,281,600 3.318,000 298.800 Holland Belgium Other countries 3"), 550,600 Total 165,045,500 j- 5,499,800 3,308,000 4,836,582 161,115 165,972 18,285,500 2,587,100 1,057,172 329,934 350,326 To which add : Damasks, checked and printed linens Sailcloth and sails Thread for sewing Unenumerated Total linen manufac ures... ,, yarn, thread, <fec ,, value of exports 173,853,300 5,163,669 1,737,432 1,737,432 6,901,101 (J. PA.) LING (Moiva vulyaris), a fish of the cod-fish family (Gadidse), readily recognized by its long body, two dorsal fins (of which the anterior is much shorter than the posterior), single long anal fin, separate caudal fin, a barbel on the chin, and large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palate. Its usual length is from 3 to 4 feet, but larger individuals of 5 or G feet in length, and some seventy pounds in weight, have been taken. The ling is found in the North Atlantic, from Spitzbergen and Iceland south wards to the coast of Portugal. Its proper home is the German Ocean ; especially on the coasts of Norway, Denmark, Great Britain, and Ireland it occurs in great abundance, generally at some distance from the land, in depths varying between 50 and 100 fathoms. During the winter months it approaches the shores, when great numbers are caught by means of long lines. On the American side of the ocean it is less common, although generally distributed along the south coast of Greenland, and on the banks of Newfoundland. This fish is one of the most valuable species of the cod-fish family ; a certain number are consumed fresh, but by far the greater portion are prepared for exportation to various countries on the Con tinent (Germany, Spain, Italy). They are either salted and sold as " salt-fish," or split from head to tail and dried, forming, with similarly prepared cod and coal-fish, the article of which during Lent immense quantities are con sumed in Germany and elsewhere under the name of "stock-fish." Also the oil is frequently extracted from the liver and used by the poorer classes of the coast popula tion for the lamp or as medicine. LING. See HEATH. LINGARD, JOHN (1771-1851), the Roman Catholic historian of England, was bora of humble parentage at Winchester on February 5, 1771. His intellectual abilities began to manifest themselves at a very early age, and in 1782 he was sent to the English college at Douay, where he continued until shortly after the declaration of war by England (1793). For some time after his return to England he lived as tutor in the family of Lord Stourton, but in October 1794 he settled along with seven other former members of the old Douay college at Crook Hall near Durham, where on the completion of his theological course he became vice-president of the reorganized seminar} . In 1795 he was ordained priest, and soon afterwards undertook the charge of the chairs of natural and moral philosophy. In 1808 he accompanied the com munity of Crook Hall to the new and more commodious buildings at Ushaw, Durham, but in 1811, after declining the presidency of the college at Maynooth, he withdrew to the secluded mission at Hornby in Lancashire, where for the rest of his life he found the leisure which his literary pursuits demanded. In 1817 he visited Rome, where he made some researches in the Vatican Library, and also negotiated some business connected with the English college. In 1821 Pope Pius VII. created him doctor of divinity and of canon and civil law; and in 1825 Leo XII. is said to have made him cardinal in petto. He died at Hornby on July 17, 1851. Lingard was the author of a considerable number of occasional and ephemeral writings of an avowedly controversial character. He also wrote The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Clmrcli (1806), of which a third and greatly enlarged addition appeared in 1845 under the title The History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church; containing cm account of its origin, government, doctrines, luorshij), revenues, and clerical and monastic institutions ; but the work with which his name is chiefly associated is A History of England, from the first invasion ly the Jiomansto the commencement of the reign of William III., which appeared originally in 8 vols. at intervals between 1819 and 1830. Three successive subsequent editions had the benefit of extensive revision by the author ; a fifth edition in 10 vols. Svo appeared in 1849, and a sixth, with life of the author by Tierney prefixed to vol. x. , in 1854-55. Soon after its appearance it was translated into French, German, and Italian. It is a work of ability and research ; and, though Cardinal Wiseman certainly claimed too much for its author when he called him "the only im partial historian of our country," yet the candid and dispassionate student will always find it profitable to learn from the pages of Lin gard the aspects which the events of English history presented to the mind of an able and intense Roman Catholic in the earlier decades of the 19th century. LINKOPING, a city of Sweden, the see of a bishop, and the chief town of the province of East Gothland, is situated in a fertile plain 21 miles by rail south-west of Stockholm, and communicates with Lake Roxen (- mile to the north) and the Gata and Kinda canals by means of the now navigable Stftnga. Most of the houses are of wood. The cathedral (1150-1499), a Romanesque building with a Gothic choir, is, next to the cathedral of Upsala, the largest church in Sweden, and, since the cathedral of Trondhjem has lost so many of its treasures, presents the richest variety of objects of interest to the student of mediaeval art in the country. In the church of St Lawrence, also called the Church of the Estates, are some paintings
