L I O L I O 679 Laudeshaus, or House of the Estates (1562), the Bibliotheca Publica (1788), now (1882) containing 34,000 volumes, the Museum Francisco-Carolinum (1834), and a state theatre (1803) may also be noticed, with the episcopal and archducal palaces, and the castle now used as barracks. There are many educational establishments, including the theological diocesan lyceum, a new gymnasium and normal schools, and several hospitals and asylums. The principal manufactories are of tobacco (in 1880 employing 787 hands, and producing 25,286,050 cigars and 1850 tons of to bacco), and boot-varnish and blacking (2500 cwts.), the last chiefly exported to Hungary and Italy. Two breweries in 1881 produced 1,781,828 gallons of beer, and the other industries include iron-boat-building, and the manufacture of locomotives and agricultural implements. Trade and commerce are facilitated by the river. About forty-six thousand passengers embark or disembark at the steamboat landing stage, and the imports and exports there amount together to about 500,000 cwts. annually. There is a con siderable traffic in woollen goods, carpets, linen fabrics, thread, prepared leather, iron wares, and salt. Cattle and meat markets are held twice a week. The Volksfest, a popular fair held generally every second September, is much resorted to by strangers. The surrounding country is highly picturesque. On the 31st December 1880 the population (exclusive of the garrison, 2799) was 36,116, or with the suburbs of Waldegg (1204) and Lustenau (1568) 38,888, chiefly Roman Catholics. Linz is believed to stand on the site of the Roman station Lcntium or Lentia. The authentic history of Linz cannot be traced farther back than 799. In 1140 it was purchased from Gottschalk, count of Kyrnberg, by Leopold IV., margrave of Austria; in 1324 it first received municipal rights, and in 1490 became the capital of the province above the Enns. Of various attacks which Linz from time to time successfully resisted the most notable was that by the insurgent peasants under Stephen Fadinger, 21st and 22d July 1626, when the suburbs were laid in ashes. At Linz (16th Decem ber 1645) peace was concluded between the emperor Ferdinand III. and the Transylvanian prince Rakoezy (see HUNGARY, vol. xii. p. 370). During the siege of Vienna in 1683 the castle at Linz was the residence of Leopold I. The triple deliverance of Linz from war, fire, and pestilence was commemorated by Charles VI., in 1723, by the erection of a marble monument known as Trinity Column. In 1741, during the war of the Austrian succession, Linz was taken by the troops of the elector of Bavaria, but on the 23d January 1742 it was recovered by the Austrians. The bishopric was established by Pope Pius VI. in 1784. On the 15th of August 1800 many of the principal buildings were destroyed by fire. On the 17th May 1809 an Austrian force was defeated near the city in an engagement with Saxon and Wurtemberg troops. The chain of outlying forts, thirty-two in number, now abandoned, and to a great extent demolished, was constructed between 1828 and 1836 under the direction of Archduke Maximilian d Este. A general assembly of the Catholic Union for Germany was held here 24th to 26th September 1850. Tramways were introduced in 1880, and anew line of railway through the Kremsthal was completed as far as Kremsmiinster in 1881. See the anonymous Fiihrer aufder Kremsthalbahn, niit liescfireibung ton Linz, Linz, 18S1; the Stylist icher Bericht Oberosternichs 1S7G-18SO, Linz, 3881, vol. ii. pp. 243-283 ; the official Ergebniste iiber die VoUcsziihlung in Linz, Linz, 1881; F. Krackowizer, Die Landes/iauptstadt Linz, Linz, 1875; and G. II. Heinse. Linz undttine L myebungen, 2d ed., Linz, 1838. LIOX. From the earliest historic times few animals have been better known to man than the lion. Its geogra phical habitat made it familiar to all the races among whom human civilization took its origin, and its strongly marked physical and moral characteristics have rendered it proverbial, perhaps to an exaggerated degree, and have in all ages afforded favourite types for poetry, art, and heraldry. The literature of the ancient Hebrews abounds in allusions to the lion ; and the almost incredible numbers that are stated to have been provided for exhibition and destruction in the Roman amphitheatres (as many as six hundred on a single occasion by Ponipey, for example) show how abundant these animals must have been within acces sible distance of the capital of the world. The geographical range of the lion was once far more extensive than at present, even within the historic period covering the whole of Africa, the south of Asia, including Syria, Arabia, Asia Minor, Persia, and the greater part of northern and central Hindustan, and also the south-eastern portion of Europe, as shown by the well-known story told by Herodotus of the attacks by lions on the camels which carried the baggage of the army of Xerxes on its march through the country of the Pseonians in Macedonia. The very circumstantial account of Herodotus shows that the animal at that time ranged through the country south of the Balkans, through Rouruania to the west of the river Carasu, and through Thessaly as far south as the Gulf of Lepanto and the Isthmus of Corinth, having as its western boundary the river Potamo and the Pindus mountains. The whole of the evidence relating to the existence of lions in Europe, and to their retreat from that continent shortly before the commencement of the Christian era, has been collected in the article on "Felis speloea" in Boyd Dawkins and Sanford s British Pleistocene Mammalia, 1868. Fossil remains attest a still wider range, as it is shown in the same work that there is absolutely no osteological or dental character by which the well-known cave lion (Felis spetsea of Goldfuss), so abundantly found in cave deposits of the Pleistocene age, can be distinguished from the existing Felis Uo. There are also remains found in North America of an animal named Felis atrox by Leidy, which the palae ontologists just quoted attribute to the common lion; but, as they are very fragmentary, and as the specific characters by which most of the Felidx are distinguished are more dependent on external than on anatomical conformation, this determination cannot be so absolutely relied upon. At the present day the lion is found in localities suitable to its habits, and where not exterminated (as it probably was in Europe) by the encroachments of man, throughout Africa from Algeria to the Cape Colony, and in Mesopo tamia, Persia, and some parts of the north-west of India. According to Blanford, 1 lions are still very numerous in the reedy swamps bordering the Tigris and Euphrates, and also occur on the west flanks of the Zagros mountains and the oak-clad ranges near Shiraz, to which they are attracted by the immense herds of swine which feed on the acorns. The lion nowhere exists in the table-land of Persia, nor is it found in Baluchistan. In India it appears now to be confined to the province of Ivathiawar in Gujerat, though within the present century its range extended through the north-west parts of Hindustan, from Bahdwalpur and Sind to at least the Jumna (about Delhi), southward as far as Khandesh, and in Central India through the Sagur and Xer- budda territories, Bundelkund, and as far east as Palamau. It was extirpated in Hariana about 1824. One was killed at Rhyli, in the Dumaoh district, Sagur and Nerbudda territories, so late as in the cold season of 1847-48 ; and about the same time a few still remained in the valley of the Sind river in Kotah, Central India (Blyth). The great variations in external characters which different lions present, especially in the colour and the amount of mane, has given rise to the idea that there are several species, or at all events distinct varieties peculiar to different localities. It was at one time supposed, on the authority of Captain Walter Since, 2 that the lion of Gujerat differed essentially from that of Africa in the absence of maue, but subsequent evidence has not supported this view, which was probably founded upon young specimens having been mistaken for adults. Lions from that district as well as from Babylonia, which have lived in the gardens of the London Zoological Society, have had as 1 Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia, 1876. 2 Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. i. p. 165, 1835.
