712 L I U L I V words, enters into the service of the French and German Calvinistic Protestants. The Sunday morning service, as drawn up by Calvin, was to open with a portion of Holy Scripture and the recitation of the Ten Commandments. Afterwards the minister, inviting the people to accompany him, proceeded to a confession of sins and sup plication for grace. Then one of the Psalms of David was sung. Then came the sermon, prefaced by an extempore prayer and con cluding with the Lord s Prayer, creed, and benediction. The communion service began with an exhortation leading up to the apostles creed ; then followed a long exhortation, after which the bread and cup were distributed to the people, who advanced in reverence and order, while a Psalm was being sung or a suitable passage of Scripture was being read. After all had communicated a set form of thanksgiving was said by the minister. Then the hymn of Simeon was sung by the congregation, who were then dismissed with the blessing. This form of service lias been modified in vari ous ways from time to time, but it remains substantially the type of service in use among the Reformed Churches of German} , Switzerland, and France. The Lutheran Church. Luther was far more conservative than the rest of the Protestant Reformers, and his conservatism appeared nowhere more than in the service books which he drew up for the use of the church which bears his name. In 1523 he published a treatise Of the Order of the Service in the Congregation, and in 1526 he published the German Mass. Except that the vernacular was substituted for the Latin language, the old framework and order of the Roman missal were closely followed, beginning with the Con- fiteor, Introit, Kyrie Eleison, Gloria in Excelsis, &c. The text of this and other Lutheran services is given in Agende fur christliche Gemeindcn desluthcrischcnBekcnntnisscs, Nordlingen, 1853. At the same time Luther was tolerant, and expressed a hope that different portions of the Lutheran Church would from time to time make such changes or adaptations in the order of service as might be found convenient. The Lutheran Churches of northern Europe have not been slow to avail themselves of this advice and permission. Most of them have drawn up liturgies for themselves, sometimes following very closely, sometimes differing considerably from the original service composed by Luther himself. In 1822, on the union of the Lutheran and Reformed (Calvinistic) Churches of Prussia, a new liturgy was published at Berlin. It is used in its entirety in the chapel royal, but great liberty as to its use was allowed to the parochial clergy, and considerable variations of text appear in the more recent editions of this service book. The Swedenborgians, Irvingitcs, and other Protestant bodies have drawn up liturgies for themselves, but they are hardly of sufficient historical importance to be described at length here. The Old Catholics, lastly, published a Ritunle in 1875 containing the occasional offices for baptism, matrimony, burial, &c., and a form for reception of holy communion, in the German language. The latter is for temporary use in anticipation of a revised and not yet published missal, corresponding to the order of communion in English published March 8, 1548, in anticipation of the complete office in the Prayer Book of 1549. (F. E. V.) LIUTPRA.ND (c. 922-972), Italian chronicler, was born towards the beginning of the 10th century, of a good Lombard family. The name is sometimes spelled Liudprand and even Luitprand. In 931 he entered the service of King Hugo of Italy as page ; he afterwards rose to a high position at the court of Hugo s successor Berengarius, having become chancellor, and having been sent (949) on an embassy to the Byzantine court. Falling into disgrace with Berengarius, he attached himself to the emperor Otto I, whom in 9G1 he accompanied into Italy, and by whom in 962 he was made bishop of Cremona. He was frequently employed in missions to the pope, and on two occasions (968, 971) to Byzantium, to negotiate on behalf of the younger Otto (afterwards Otto II) for the hand of Theophano. Liutprand died in 972. He wrote (1) Antcqtodoscos, scu rcrum per Europam gcstarum, Libri FT., an historical narrative, relating to the events from 887 to 949, compiled, as its name almost implies, with the object of aveng ing himself upon Berengarius and Willa his queen ; (2) Historia Ottonis, unfortunately covering only the years from 960 to 964 ; and (3) Rdatio dc Legatione Constantinopolitana (968-969). All are to be found in the Monum. Germ. Hist, of Pcrtz, and in the Eer. Ital. Script, of Muratori ; there is a recent edition by Diimmler (1877) ; and a partial translation into German, with an introduction by Wattenbach, is given in the second volume of the Gcschicht- schrcibcr dcr Deutschcn Vorzeit (1853). Compare Wattenbach, Deutschlands Cfeschichtsquellen im Mittdaltcr (3d ed. , 1873). Three other works, entitled Adversaria, Chronicon (606-960), and Opus- culum de iritis Eomanorum pontificum, are usually, but wrongly, assigned to Liutprand. LIVERPOOL, a city and seaport of England, in the hundred of West Derby, in the county palatine of Lancaster, situated on the right bank of the estuary of the Mersey, about three miles from the open sea. The form of the city is that of an irregular semicircle, having the base line formed by the docks and quays extending about six miles along the east bank of the estuary, which here runs nearly north and south, and is about a mile in breadth. On the north the city is bounded by the borough of Bootle, along which the line of docks is continued. The area of the city is 5210 acres. General Aspect and Features. The subsoil of Liverpool is the Bunter stratification of the ISTew Red Sandstone, overlying the Coal-measures, which rise up some distance to the eastward. In the lower districts there is a deposit of boulder clay, which has been extensively used for the manufacture of bricks. The sandstone rises in long ridges to the eastward, in the highest points about 250 feet above the sea-level. The city therefore lies on a continuous Port of Liverpool. slope varying in gradient, but in some districts very steep. Exposed to the western sea breezes, with a dry subsoil and excellent natural drainage, the site is naturally salubrious, but neglect and perverseness have in past times done much to neutralize these advantages. The old borough, lying between the pool and the river, was a conglomeration of narrow alleys and mean houses packed together without any regard to sanitary provisions; and during the 16th and 17th centuries it was several times visited by the plague, which carried off many of the inhabitants. When the town burst its original limits, and expanded up the slopes beyond, a better state of things began to exist. The older parts of the town have at successive periods been entirely taken down and renovated. The streets of shops- Church Street, Bold Street, c. are equal in display to similar establishments in London. The com mercial part of the city is remarkable for the number of palatial-looking piles of offices, built of hewn stone, principally in the Italian Renaissance style, amongst which the banks and insurance offices stand pre eminent. The
