768 L D L F plays (1579 or 1580), which shows some of the moderation as well as of the learning befitting a scholar and a gentleman. The publication was, however, prohibited, besides being answered by Gosson in his Playes Confuted in Five Actions, as by a man sure of his ground if not of his cause. Having fleshed his pen, Lodge displayed a strong inclination for continuing its use. In 1584 he published his Alarum Against Usurers, a pamphlet to which he no doubt gave the benefit of his personal experience, and in which he mentions the fate of his previous literary venture. Soon after this his years of wandering seem to have begun, It is clear that their primary cause lay in the straits to which he had been reduced, or had reduced himself ; that he ever took so bold a leap into disreputableness as to become an actor is improbable in itself, and the assertion which has been made to that effect has been shown to rest on some thing less satisfactory than conjecture. Lodge joined Captain Clarke in his raid upon Terceira and the Canaries, and seems, in 1591, to have made another similar voyage with Cavendish. During the former expedition, he, to beguile the tedium of his voyage, composed his prose tale of Rosalynde, Euphues 1 Golden Legacie, which, published in 1590, afterwards suggested the story of As You Like It. The novel, which in its turn owes some, though no very considerable, debt to the Tale of Gamelyn, is a pleasing example of the Euphuistic manner, but proves how slight an advance an individual author of secondary rank is able to effect in a branch of composition of which the genius of his age has not taken hold. In the year before (1589) Lodge had already given to the world a volume of poems, including the delectable Scillaes Metamorphosis. One would gladly resign this and much else of Lodge s sugared verse, together with some of his perfumed prose, for the lost Sailor s Kalender, in which he must after some fashion have told of his sea adventures. During the last decade of the century he produced a farrago of literary products a Juvenal, if not a very " Young Juvenal," at least in the readiness of his wit and in the robustness of his moral indignation. In conjunction with Greene he produced, in a popular vein, the odd but far from feeble play of A Looking Glasse for London and England. Probably about the same time he wrote his Tragedy of the Wounds of Civil War lively set forth in the True Tragedies of Marias and Sylla (published 1594), a good second-rate piece in the fashion of its age, and deficient neither in rhetorical nor in comic vigour. His Life and Death of William Longbeard (1593), and his History of Robin the Divell, are among his contemporary non-dramatic works ; to which should be added Phillis (1593), a collection of lyrical pieces, and a Fig for Momus (on the strength of which he has been rather loosely termed the earliest English satirist). In his later years, possibly about 159G, when he published his Wits Miserie, which is dated from Low Leyton, and the prose Prosopopeia (if, as seems probable, it was his), in which he repents him of his " lewd lines " of other days, he was engaged in the practice of medicine, for which he is said to have qualified himself by a degree at Avignon. His works henceforth have a sober cast, comprising a translation of Josephus (1602) and another of Seneca (1614), besides a Treatise of the Plague (1603), and a popular manual, still in manuscript, on Domestic Medicine. He was abroad on urgent private affairs of one kind or another in 1616, from which time to his death from the plague, in 1625, nothing further concerning him remains to be noted. His life is one of those which attract the curiosity of the literary student, who knows that it is precisely in the mental and moral phases and experiences of able and active men devoid of original genius, such as he, that much of the history of an age of literature is to be read. Lodge s works have not yet been completely reprinted, though the satisfaction of this want may no longer be far distant. His Rosalynde is accessible in Hazlitt s Shakespeare s Library (vol. ii.) and elsewhere. Its relation to Shakespeare s comedy is exhaust ively discussed in an essay by Delius in the Jahrbuch of the German Shakespeare Society (1871). Other works of his are scattered through the publications of the old Shakespeare, the Hunterian, and possibly other Societies ; lists of them will be found in the edition of Glaucus and Silla, &c., printed at the Chiswick Press in 1839, in Hazlitt, and elsewhere. The question, Was Thomas Lodge an Actor ? has been set at rest by Dr C. M. Ingleby in his pamphlet bearing that title (1868), of which the main conclusion is embodied in this notice. (A. W. W.) LODI, a city of Italy, in the province of Milan, lies on the right bank of the Adda, in 45 18 N. lat. and 9 30 E. long. The site of the city is an eminence rising very gradually from the Lombard plain, and the surrounding country is one of the richest dairy districts in Italy. A rather plain and ungainly cathedral (1158) with a huge lateral tower, the church dell Incoronata erected by Bramante in 1476, the Palazzo Modegnani with a fine gateway in the style of Bramante, the episcopal palace dating from 1202, and the great hospital with its cloistered quadrangle, are the most noteworthy buildings. Besides an extensive trade in cheese (Lodi making more Parmesan than Parma itself) and other dairy produce, there are manufactures of linen, silk, majolica, and chemicals. The population of the city in 1871 was 18,537. The ancient Laus Pompeia lay about 5 miles west of the present city, and the site is still occupied by a considerable village, Lodi Vecchio. In the llth century, according to Landulphus Junior, Lodi was second to Milan among the cities of northern Italy. A dispute with the archbishop of Milan about the investiture of the bishop of Lodi (1024) proved the beginning of a bitter and protracted feud between the two cities. In 1111 the Milanese laid the whole place in ruins and forbade their rivals to restore what they had destroyed, and in 1158, when in spite of this prohibition a fairly flourishing settlement had again been formed, they repeated their work in a more thorough manner. A number of the Lodigians had settled on Colle Eghezzone ; and their village, the Borgo d Isella, soon grew up under the patronage of Frederick Barbarossa into a new city of Lodi. At first subservient to the emperor, Lodi was before long compelled to enter the Lombard League, and in 1198 it formed alliance offensive and defensive with Milan. The strife between the Sommariva or aristocratic party and the Overgnaghi or democratic party was so severe that the city broke into two distinct communes. The Overgnaghi, expelled in 1226, were restored by Frederick II. who took the city after three months siege. During the rest of the Guelf and Ghibelline struggle, and down to the be ginning of the 16th century, the annals of Lodi are crowded with stirring events, connected for the most part with the general troubles of the country. In the main it was dependent on Milan. The duke of Brunswick captured it in 1625 in the interests of Spain ; and it was occupied by the French (1701), by the Austrians (1706), by the king of Sardinia (1733), by the Austrians (1736), by the Spaniards (1745), and again by the Austrians (1746). On 10th May 1796 was fought the battle of Lodi between the Austrians and Napoleon, which made the latter master of Lombardy. LODZ (Lodzi), a town of llussian Poland, in the province of Piotrokow, lies 40 miles by rail to the north of the chief town of the province, on a branch railway of the line between Warsaw and Vienna. Only a small hamlet with 800 inhabitants in 1821, when its woollen manufactures were first introduced by Germans, it is now the second town of Poland, both by population and by the importance of its cotton-mills, the annual production of which amounts to a value of about 150,000, that is, five- sixths of the whole production of cottons in Poland. This, as well as the other less important industries of the place (woollen cloth manufacture, dyeing, and so on), is chiefly in the hands of Germans, and thus the German language predominates in the town. Although its population in 1872 amounted to 50,500, Lodz still maintains its village character, consisting of one broad street 7 miles long, on which are situated alike the factories, the houses of the merchants, and the dwellings of the working men. LOFOTEN AND VESTERAALEN, a " fogderi " or baili wick in the " amt " of Nordland, Norway, consists of a large
