M A N M A N 465 then turned loose upon the unresisting mass of spectators. The yeomanry appear to have used their sabres somewhat freely ; several people were killed and many more injured ; and, although the magistrates received the thanks of the prince regent and the ministry, their conduct excited the deepest indignation throughout the entire country. Naturally enough, the Manchester politicians took an important part in the reform agitation, and when the Act of 1832 was passed, the town sent as its representatives the Eight lion. C. P. Thomson, vice-president of the Board of Trade, and Mr Mark Philips. With one notable exception, this was the first time that Manchester had been represented in parliament since its barons had seats in the House of Peers in the earlier centuries. In 1651 Mr Charles Worsley and Mr E. Itadcliffe were nominated to represent it in Cromwell s parliament. Worsley was a man of great ability, and must ever have a conspicuous place in history as the man who carried out the injunction of the Protector to "remove that bauble, " the mace of the House of Commons. The agitation for the repeal of the corn laws had its headquarters at Manchester, and the success which attended it, not less than the active interest taken by its inhabitants in public questions, has made the city the home of various projects of reform. The " United Kingdom Alliance for the suppression of the liquor traffic " was founded there in 1853, and during the continuance of the American War the adherents both of the North and of the South deemed it desir able to have organizations to influence public opinion in favour of their respective causes. A charter of incorporation was granted in 1838 ; a bishop was appointed in 1847 ; and the town became a city in 1853. The Lancashire cotton famine, caused by the civil war in America, produced much distress in the Manchester district, and led to a national movement to help the starving operatives. The relief operations then organized are amongst the most rcmai li able efforts of modern philanthropy. Although several excellent books have been written on subjects connected with the town, there is no adequate modern history. The History of Manchester, by the Rev. John Whitakcr, appeared in 1771; it is a mere fragment, and, though containing much important matter, requires to be very discreetly used. The following may be recommended: Ileilly, ffittory of Manchester, 1861; Procter, Manchester in Holiday Dress (ISfifi), Memorials of Manchester Streets (1874), Memo rials of Byegone Manchester, 1880; liuxton, Botanical Guide to Manchester, &c., 2d cd., 1859: Axon, Handbook of tlie I ublic Libraries of Manchester and Salford, 1W; Grindon, Manchester flora, 1859; Baincs, History of Lancashire, 2d cd., 1868-70. (W. E. A. A.) MANCHESTER, a town of the United States, in Hart ford county, Connecticut, with a station on the New York and New England Railroad, 8 miles east of Hartford. Its spinning and weaving mills turn out annually 2,000,000 yards of gingham and 90,000 pairs of stockings ; and its paper mills (upwards of a dozen in number) produce not only vast quantities of book paper but Government and bank-note paper for several nations. At South Manchester, 2^ miles distant, and reached by a branch line, are the silk factories of Messrs Cheney, which cover about 8 acres, and give employment to one thousand operatives. The factory village has been laid out by a landscape gardener ; and connected with it are a public hall, a library and reading- room, and a free school. The population of the town has increased from 4223 in 1870 to 64G2 in 1880. MANCHESTER, a city of the United States, one of the shire towns of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, is situated mainly on the left bank of the Merrimac, in a broad plain about 90 feet above the level of the river, in 42 35 N. lat. and 71 31 W. long., 16 miles from Concord and 40 north-west of Boston. It is a terminus of several railroads, as well as a principal station on the Boston, Lowell, and Concord line. The general plan is regular and spacious; there are several large and ornamental squares, and the main thoroughfare, Elm Street, is 100 feet wide, more than a mile long, and bordered by the trees from which it takes its name. Towards the river the frontage consists of great brick-built factories and substantial tene ments for the accommodation of the operatives. A city- hall (rebuilt after the fire in 1842), the county court-house, the State reform school (for one hundred and fifty pupils), two opera-houses, and a Roman Catholic convent (St Ann s) and orphan asylum are among the buildings of note. The city library (24,000 volumes), founded by private enterprise in 1814 as the Manchester Athengeum, became public pro perty in 1854. Water from Lake Massabesic (4 miles distant and 2300 acres in extent) was introduced into the town in 1874, at a cost of nearly $1,000,000, and is stored in a reservoir capable of containing 16,000,000 gallons. It is almost exclusively to the water-power furnished by the Blodgett Canal (built in 1816 round the Amoskeag Fall,-, which have a descent of 47 feet) that Manchester owes its prosperity as a manufacturing centre. The Amoskeag Com pany (dating from 1831), the Stark mills (1838), the Man chester mills (1839), the Langdon mills (1857), and tlio Amory mills (1880) are the leading establishments; they possess an aggregate capital of $7,650,000, work 12,000 looms and 409,000 spindles, and make 143 miles of web daily. Locomotive engines (produced at the rate of fourteen per month), steam fire-engines, edge tools, circular saws, files, sewing machines, carriages, leather, boots and shoes, paper, and ale all likewise form important items in the local industry. Manchester is governed by a mayor, a board of aldermen (one member for each of the eight; v/ards), and a common council (three members for each ward). The assessed value of property in 1881 was $19,175,408; and the city debt $965,550. The popula tion, which was 13,932 in 1850, stands in the succeeding decades at 20,107, 23,536, and 32,630, and is stated in 1882 at 36,500. Originally settled in the close of the 17th century by Scotch Presbyterians and Massachusetts Puritans, Derryfield, as it was then called, though incorporated in 1751 , continued for upwards of seventy years to be a place of less than one hundred inhabitants, with neither minister nor lawyer, and so dependent on the river fisheries that the eels were known as the "Derryfield beef." The name Manchester was legally recognized in 1810, and a city charter was granted in 1846. The city has recently been described as paying nearly one-ninth of the State tax and producing one-eighth of thu manufactured goods made in the State, as embracing one-tenth of the population of the State, as the fourth city of the Union in the value of its cotton and woollen manufactures, and the third city in New England in increase during the last decade. MANCHURIA is the name by which the territory in the east of Asia occupied by the Manchus is known in Europe. By the Chinese it is called the country of the Manchows, or, as it is pronounced by the natives, of the Manchus, an epithet meaning "Pure," chosen by the founder of the dynasty which now rules over Manchuria and China as an appropriate designation for his family. Manchuria as it has existed for upwards of two centuries, that is to say since it has had an historical existence, is a tract of country lying in a north-easterly and south westerly direction between 38 40 and 49 N. lat. and 120 and 133 E. long., and is wedged in between China and Mongolia on the west and north-west, and Corea and the Russian territory on the Amur on the east and north. Speaking more definitely, it is bounded on the N. by tlie Amur, on the E. by the Usuri, on the S. by the Gulf of Leaou-tung, the Yellow Sea, and Corea, and on the W. by the river Nonni and a line of palisades which stretch from Kwan-chung-tsze to the Great Wall of China. The territory thus defined is about 800 miles in length and 500 miles in width, and contains about 390,000 square miles. It is divided into three provinces, viz., Tsitsihar or North ern Manchuria, Kirin or Central Manchuria, and Leaou- tung or Southern Manchuria. Physically the country is divided into two regions, the one a series of mountain ranges occupying the northern and eastern portions of the kingdom, and the other a plain which stretches southwards from Moukden, the capital, to the Gulf of Leaou-tung. Speaking generally, the mountains run in a direction parallel with the lie of the country, and are interspersed with numerous and fertile valleys, more especially on the southern and eastern slopes, where the summer sun brings to rich perfection the fruits of the soil fertilized by the showers of the south monsoon. The principal range of mountains is the Shan-a lin, the linpsp, dhrtna ink Khan, "the lone white mountains," Chinese Chang pih Shan, "the lon<
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