MAP 521 Magini (1555-1617) of Padua, who in his Xovie yog/ , tabula , pub lished in 1596, gave greater precision to the determinations of position. Giovanni Battista Nicolosi (1610-70) of Sicily issued jit Koine a series of huge maps of the hemispheres and continents. Among the French map-makers of this period must be mentioned Oronce Fine (Finaeus) from Dauphine (1494-1555), who published in 1531 his Planisphssriuin geographicum in the shape of a heart according to the projection of Apianus ; ,1 olivet (about 1560); Guillaume Fostel (1505-81), who in 1570 drew a new map of France ; the Franciscan Andre Thevet (1502-90), who in 1575 edited a Cos/nographie univcrscllc (2 vols. in folio), and finally Melchior Tavernier, a pupil of Ortelius (ob, 1641), who published many maps of European countries. I a England there appeared in 154 4 the great map of the world by Sebastian Cabot. The first modern map of England was produced by Humphrey Lhuyd in 1569 (Angliai rcgni tabula and Corographia Cambriee). He was succeeded by Christopher Saxton, who travelled through different parts of the country with several engineers, and in 1575 gave to the world his British atlas of thirty-six sheets, which Philip Lea afterwards re duced to twelve sheets. John Speed s atlas (Th catritm) of Great Britain was published at Amsterdam in 1610 by Jodocus Hondius. The first map of Scandinavia (Regnorum Aquiloniorum Dcscriptio) was produced in 1539 by Olaus .Magnus, archbishop of UpsaLi. Much more accurate was the map drawn by Adrian Veno in 1613, and engraved by Jodocus Hondius, but the real reformer of northern cartography was Anders Bure (Buranis, 1571-1646), who surveyed the several parts of the country. His maps were afterwards pub lished in the atlas of the brothers Blaeu between 1650 and 1660. The first new map of Spain and the first of Portugal both appeared in the same year. 1560, the former being due to Pedro de Medina, the latter to Fernando Alvarez Secco. During all this period there prevailed a remarkable variety in the determination of the first meridian. Whilst the Spaniards and Portuguese reckoned from the line of demarcation (370 leagues west of the Cape Verds) sanctioned by the pope, the Protestant Dutch, Germans, and English at first went back to Ptolemy, who began at the Canaries. Mercator, on his globe of the year 1541, chose the island Forteventura in the Canaries as his starting-point, but he afterwards adopted Corvo in the Azores, because he there approached the true indication of the magnetic needle. For the same reason Ortelius, the younger Mercator, Jansonius, and at first also William Blaeu fixed on the Isla del Fuego in the Cape Verd group. Blaeu afterwards proposed the Peak of Teneriffe, and in this he was followed by all Dutchmen. In the year 1634 Richelieu consulted FIG. 4. Outline of Mercator s Nuca et Aucta Orbis Descriptio, 1569. ithe astronomers Gassendi (1592-1655) and Morin (1583-1656), and an accordance with their decision Louis XIII. commanded, under penalty, that all French ships should calculate their longitudes from the meridian of Ferro, though it was not till the close of the 17th century that a French expedition determined with accuracy the relation of the position of Ferro to that of the observatory of Paris. It was in this way that the Ferro meridian obtained almost uni versal currency down to the 19th century. As in this period it was .still practically impossible to secure precise determinations of longi tude, all cartographic representations were naturally subject to con siderable distortions, especially in countries outside of Europe. 9. Period of Transition. A series of important dis coveries and inventions in mathematics, physics, and astro nomy having provided the means of making much more accurate observation* and calculations, there followed as a matter of course a substantial improvement in cartography. Of chief moment were the invention of the telescope (1 GOG), Galileo s discovery of Jupiter s moons (1610) and Cassini s calculation of their periods of rotation, so important for determinations of longitude (166G), the first application of -trigonometry to geodesy by Snellins (1615), Picard s measurement of a degree between Paris and Amiens (1G69 and 1G70), the French measurement of a degree between Dunkirk and Perpignan by Cassini and Lahire (1683-171 8), Hadley s mirror-sextant (1731; according to Newton s idea, 1699), the improvements made on the lunar tibles by Tobias Mayer (1753), and John Harrison s chronometer (1761). In this way there set in a period of transition in cartography which lasted till somewhere about 1750; the results of new investigations and measurements were gradually turned to account, but, while here and there traditional blunders were corrected and expunged, nothing essentially new was as yet created. To this epoch in Germany belong Johann Baptist Homann, (1664-1724), whose elegantly engraved maps, published in Nurem berg, continued to have a wide sale after his death, Johann Matthias Hase in Nuremberg (ob. 1743), and the famous Tobias Mayer (1723-86), who published in Nuremberg a critical map of Germany. In France eminence was obtained by Nicolas Sanson (1600-67) of Abbeville, who from 1627 worked at Paris as royal geographer, and issued more than three hundred maps ; and the reputa tion of the house was maintained by his sons Nicolas, Arlrien, and
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