362 N E U N E U and a considerable traffic, by steam and otherwise, is borne by its waters. It is subject to violent westerly storms. Interesting remains of ancient lake dwellings have been discovered at Estavayer and Cortaillod. NEUHAUSEL (in Hungarian, Ersek-Ujvdr), a town of Hungary, in the district of Neutra, is situated on the river Neutra and on the railway from Pressburg to Pesth, about 60 miles from each of these towns. It was formerly a strong fortress, and played an important part in the wars with the Turks, and in the risings of Bethlen Gabor and Prince Rakoczky, but the works were razed in 1724. Its inhabitants, numbering 10,584 at the census of 1880, are partly of Slovak origin, and are occupied with agricul ture, vine-growing, and cloth-weaving. Important cattle and horse markets are held here. NEUHOF, THEODOR, BARON VON (c. 1690-1756), who for a short time was nominally king of Corsica as Theodore I., was the son of a Westphalian noble, and was born at Metz about 1690. His father, an officer in the French service, had won the special favour of the duchess of Orleans, and on his death in 1695 his son and daughter were taken under her protection. The young baron was thus early initiated into the usages of courts, and received a thorough training in all the accomplishments best fitted to gain him influence with the great. Losses in play having compelled him to leave Paris, he entered the service of Charles XII. of Sweden, by whom he was sent on a secret diplomatic mission in connexion with a project for the restoration of the Stuarts. In connexion with the same intrigue he was also resident for a short time in London. In 1718 he came to Spain, where, obtaining the favour of the duke of Ripperda, he received the commission of colonel, and married Lady Sarsfield, one of the maids of honour of the queen. Finding his position at the court insecure, he made his escape with his wife s jewels. After various adventures he came in 1732 to Florence as representative of the emperor Charles VI. Having here made the acquaintance of several Corsican patriots, he succeeded by expressing strong sympathy with their cause, and promis ing to gain assistance for them in their resistance to the Genoese, in being accepted as a candidate for the Corsican throne. After fruitless endeavours to interest various European sovereigns in their behalf, he made his way to the dey of Tunis. From him he obtained a shipload of supplies and ammunition, with which he landed at Corsica on the 14th March 1736. He was received with the utmost enthusiasm, and in the following April was crowned king as Theodore I. By the help of a body-guard of 400 men, and the lavish distribution of new titles, he succeeded for some time in retaining his position, but failing in an effort to capture Bastia from the Genoese, he at the end of eight months resigned his power into the hands of a council of regency, and left the island with the view of arousing sympathy in behalf of his oppressed subjects. Making his way finally to Amsterdam, he was thrown into prison by some of his old creditors, but, succeeding in satisfying their demands, he appeared before Corsica in September 1738 with a considerable supply of provisions and war materiel, only to find it under the power of the French, who had become allies of the Genoese. After the departure of the French in 1743 he endeavoured to re establish his authority, but found the faction against him so strong that he was soon compelled again to leave Corsica, and went to England, where he suffered several years imprisonment in the King s Bench prison at the instance of his Dutch creditors. Through the efforts of Horace Walpole a subscription was raised in his behalf, and, an understanding having been arrived at with his creditors, he obtained his freedom in 1756. He died llth December of the same year. Nenhof s son, who entered the service of the duke of Wiirtemberg, published an account of his father s life under the title Memoires pour servir a I histoire de Corse, 1768. See also FilippLni, Histoire des Revolutions do I fie de Corse ct de I Elevation de Theodore I. sur le Tr6ne dc cet tat, The Hague, 1738 ; D Argentcourt, De Gckroondc Mo/ of Thcodorus op Stcltcn (Utrecht, 1739), and De Dwaalende Moff of Vcrfolg van Thcodorus op Stcltcn (Deventer, 1740) ; A General Account of the Island of Corsica, with authentic Memoirs of Baron de Neuhoff, London, 1839 ; History of T/ieodore I., King of Corsica, London, 1843 ; Vamhagen von Ense, Bio- (jraphischc Denkmale, part i. NEULLLY-SUR-SEINE, a town of France, at the head of a canton in the arrondissement of St Denis (department of Seine), lies between the line of the Paris fortifications, the Bois de Boulogne, the right bank of the Seine, and the village of Levallois-Perret, which was formerly included within its limits. It is only 3| miles from the centre of Paris by the road to St Germain (a continuation in the form of a boulevard of the middle avenue of the Champs Elysees), and is practically a mere suburb ; but its broad drives and leafy gardens make it a favourite resort for invalids and city people who wish to enjoy a little country air. Unlike St Denis and Clichy, Neuilly has no large manufactories : convents, boarding-schools, maisons de sante, laundries, &c., give character to the place, which also contains establishments connected with Paris houses for the manufacture of preserved meats, patent leather, colours, chemicals. The population is 25,235. A castle at ISTeuilly, built by the count of Argenson in the 18th century, ultimately became the property and favourite residence of the duke of Orleans (Louis Philippe), the birthplace of nearly all his children, and the scene of the offer of the crown in 1830. The buildings, which comprised 30 state apartments, accommodation for 500 attendants, and stabling for 200 horses, were pillaged and burned by the mob in 1848. The park which extended from the fortifications to the river, as well as the neighbouring park of Villiers (also belonging to the princes of Orleans), was broken up into building lots, and is now occupied by a large number of small middle- class houses and a few fine villas. Within the line of the fortifications, but on Neuilly soil, stands the chapel of St Ferdin and erected in the Byzantine style on the spot where the duke of Orleans died July 13th, 1842, from the results of a carriage accident. The stained glass windows were made at Sevres after designs by Ingres; the ducal cenotaph, designed by Ary Scheffer, was sculptured by 31. de Triquety; and the chapel farther contains a Descent from the Cross," by the last-named artist, a picture by Jacquand, representing the royal family gathered round the dying prince, and an angel executed in Carrara marble by the princess Marie his sister. The castle of Bagatelle, once the property of the count of Artois, now belongs to Sir Richard Wallace. NEUMANN, CARL FRIEDRICH (1798-1870), the well- known Orientalist, was born of Jewish parents at Reich- mansdorf near Bamberg, on the 22d December 1798. He began life in a merchant s office at Frankfort, but finding commerce unsuited to his taste he resigned his desk, and in 1816 entered as a student at the university of Heidelberg. From thence he went to Munich, where, under the influence of the liberal opinions which were fast gaining possession of his mind, he deserted his hereditary faith for the Lutheran communion. Once more he sought another alma mater, and finally completed his studies at Gottingen. In 1822 he was appointed to a professorship in a gymnasium at Spires, but the same freedom of thought which had led him to leave the religion of his fathers brought him into conflict with the authorities of that institution, who, believing the religious tendency of his historical teaching to be heterodox, dismissed him from his office. About this time he appears to have entered on the serious study of Armenian, and in 1827 we find him at Venice devoting himself to that language under the guidance of the monks of the monastery of San Lazaro. In the following year he visited Paris for the purpose of pursuing a more general study of the Oriental languages, among which Chinese had for him a special attraction. It was not, however, until he reached London in 1829 that
