SOUTHERN EUROPE.] NEWSPAPERS 431 the people." He was very friendly to journals of gardening and cottage economy, and to magazines of light literature, and did not regard comic papers with anger provided they kept quite clear of politics. The paper which was long the chief Finnish organ, Suomctar (founded at Helsingfors in 1847, and circulating to more than 4000 copies), owed much of its popularity to the pains its editors took with their correspondence. The Oulun Wukko-Sanomat ("Uleaborg Daily News") was for a considerable period the most northerly newspaper of the world, with the one exception of the little journal published at Troruso, in Norway. Uleaborg, with a population of less than 9000, supports 6 periodicals, 4 of which are strictly newspapers. in 1880 the whole number of newspapers printed within the government of Finland was 46, while the total number of news papers and journals of all kinds published within the whole Russian empire during the same year was 608. Of these, 417 were printed in the Russian language, 155 of them being official or administra tive organs ; 54 were printed in Polish, 40 in German, 11 in Lettish, 10 in French, 7 in Esthonian, 3 in Lithuanian. See Hatin, Bibliographie de la Presse periodique, Introduction, pp. xxix, c; Bibliographic de la France, January 30,1875, "Chronique"; Annuaire de la Presse Russe (for 1880), as quoted in Bibliographie de la France, 1880, "Chron ique," p. 19; Lagai, article "Zeitungen," ubi sup., 745 sq.; A. Geffroy, " De la Presse pdriodique en Finlnnde," in Revue des deux Mondes, I860, vi. 771-777; Sampson Low, in Publishers Circular, 1879, p. 410. Italy. Italy. The Diario di Roma, although dating only from 1716, may claim to have been the patriarch of the Italian press. It lasted for nearly a century and a half. During its later years it was a daily paper, with a weekly supplement having the somewhat whimsical title Notizie del Giorno. Next to this, we believe, came the Gazzetta Uffiziale di Napoli, which continues to exist. These and their congeners were published under a rigid censorship until far into the present century, and exercised little influence of any kind. The first tentative movement towards a free press may, perhaps, be dated from the effort to establish at Milan, in 1818, under the editorship of Silvio Pellico, the Conciliatore, in which Simonde de Sismondi, Gonfalonieri, and Romagnosi were fellow-writers. But the new journal was suppressed in 1820. The first really effectual effort had to wait for the lapse of nearly thirty years. L Opinions, which in many respects is the leading journal of Italy, although its circulation is far inferior to that of many of its rivals, was first published in Turin (26th December 1847). It is now published in Rome. It has had, amongst its many editors, Giacomo Durando (a soldier of mark, and twice minister of foreign affeirs), Montezenolo, Giovini Bianchi, and Giacomo Dina. At one period it attained, according to credible report, a circulation of 15,000 copies. Its present circulation averages less than the half of that, but few Italian papers are so often met with in other countries. Fewer still are edited with equal ability. The Gazzetta del Popolo of Turin had in 1855 about 7000 sub scribers. In later days its sale has occasionally reached almost 20,000 copies. Hubbard s agents, in 1882, reported its circulation as 8000. The Florence Diritto, originally founded at Turin, in 1851, by Lorenzo Valerio, was edited successively by Macchi, Bargini, and Civinini, and as a radical organ attained great influence. When (under the last-named editor) it displayed a wise moderation in its politics, popularity rapidly declined ; and it has long ceased to appear. Counting journals of all kinds, there were published in Italy in 1836 185 newspapers ; in 1845, 220 ; in 1856, 311 ; in 1864, 450 ; J in 1875, 479. In 1882 the "periodicals" of all kinds 2 numbered 1454, distributed as follows : Piedmont, 155 ; Liguria, 63 ; Lom- bardy, 291; Venice, 83; the Emilia, &c., 301; Tuscany, 178; Naples, 243 ; Sicily, 132; Sardinia, 8. The total number of political dailies is 149, of which the Roman district claims 35, 3 Naples and Sicily 36, Lombardy 22. Amidst all the vicissitudes of things political in Italy, the ? press-law of March 1848 remains substantially and in the main the law of to-day. There is neither stamp, caution-money, nor obligatory signature ; but there are provisions used with great moderation for a wise and firm repression of libel. It was in Piedmont that the best portion of the press learned the lesson that its duty is rather to fructify and to expand established institutions than to attack them by sap and mine. By the Police Act of November 1859 the vending of newspapers is made subject to due regulation. And by the constitutional law of Italy (June 1874) it is made illegal for newspapers to publish reports of criminal procedure until after the delivery of the verdict or definitive judgment in each case. See Statistica Amministrativa del regno d" Italia, Rome, 1882; Calendario gene- rale, 1876, appendix; Bibliografia Italiana, 1876-77, section "Cronaca"; Hatin, Bibliographie de la Presse periodique, supplement; Annuario statistico Italiano, 1881, Introduction, pp. 149 and 150, 328, 329; Charles de Mazade, "Les pre"- curseurs Italiens," in Revue des deux Mondes, 1867, i. 906 ; Andrd Folliet, " La presse Italienne et sa legislation," in Revue Moderns, vol. li. pp. 659-fi93, and vol. lii. pp. 87-113, 1869 ; Cesare Cantu, in Bibliografia Italiana, xiv. 909 sq., 1880. 1 Of these Turin published 100, Milan 80, Florence 51, Genoa 37. 2 There are no means of separating, with assured accuracy, the newspapers strictly so called from other " periodicals " under the forms of return employed in the official publications of latest date. 3 The city of Rome itself publishes 18 ; Naples, in 1881, followed closely with 1C. Spain and Portugal. In Spain no newspaper of any kind existed Spain, earlier than the last century. 4 Even during the early years of the present its capital contented itself with a single journal, the Diario de Madrid. The Peninsular War and the establishment of the Cortes gave the first impulse towards something which might be called political journalism, but the change from total repression to absolute freedom was too sudden not to be grossly abused. The Diario de las Cortes, the Semanario Patriotico (published at Cadiz from 1808 to 1811), and the Aurora Mallorquina (published at Palma in 1812-13) are the first of the new papers that attained importance. In 1814 the circulation or receipt in Spain of English newspapers was prohibited under penalty of ten years imprison ment. 5 Most of the native journals fell with the Cortes in 1823. In the following year Ferdinand decreed the suppression of all the journals except the Diario and the Garcia of Madrid, 6 the Ga$eta de Bayona, and certain provincial papers which dealt exclusively with commercial or scientific subjects. At the close of his reign only three or four papers were published in Madrid. Ten years after wards there were 40 ; but the number was far more noticeable than the value. Spanish newspapers have been too often the mere step ping-stones of political adventurers, and not unfrequently the worst of them appear to have served the turn more completely than the best. Gonzales Bravo attained office mainly by the help of a paper of notorious scurrility, El Guirigay. His press-law of 1867 introduced a sort of indirect censorship, and a system of "warnings," rather clandestine- than avowed; and his former rivals met craft with craft. The Universal and the Correo were successively the organs of Jose Salamanca. At the end of 1854 the political journals published in Madrid numbered about 40, the most conspicuous being the now defunct Espana and El Clamor Publico. Hubbard s agents assign to Spain in 1882 220 newspapers of all sorts, of which 58 appear in Madrid. The same authorities assign to El Correo a circulation of about 10,000 copies, to the Diario de Madrid [? Diario Espaiiol~ a circulation of 12,275 copies, and to La Vanguardia Federal one of 16,000 copies ; all these are dailies. To the weekly paper, Correspondencia de Espana, they assign an average sale of 42,000 copies. Cadiz has 5 political newspapers, Seville 4, and Barcelona 4. Portugal in 1882 is credited by the resident American consuls Portugal, with 179 journals of all kinds and of various periodicity. Of this number 68 appeared in Lisbon. The strictly political daily papers of Lisbon are 6 in number ; those of Oporto 3. See Ford, Handbook of Spain ; S. T. Wallis, Spain, her Institutions and Pitblic Men, 1853, p. 88-95 ; Charles de Mazade, " La Revolution et la reaction en Espagne," in Revue des deux Mondes, 1867, v. 501; "The Newspaper Press of Spain," in British Quarterly Review, vi. 315-332; Hubbard, Newspaper Direc tory, ii. 1852-1857, 1877-1893, 2458-9, and 2587-8. Switzerland. In 1873 the total number of political and general Switzer- newspapers in Switzerland was 230. In 1881 they numbered 342, land, of which 45 may be described as class journals, 297 as political, general, and advertising. Of 226 of the whole number, 53 were of daily issue, 166 appeared twice or thrice a week, and 7 only were of weekly issue. Of 225 political journals, 185 are classed as " Pro gressist " organs, 40 as "Conservative." Zurich claimed 44 ; Bern, 34 ; Vaud, 20 ; Basel, 13; and Geneva, 10. The aggregate average circulation is estimated approximately at 606,000 copies, an average circulation of about 1770 to each newspaper. A monthly compendium of the news of the day appeared at Rorschach, in the canton of St Gall, as early as January 1597. The editor was a German, one Samuel Dilbaum, of Augsburg. He varied his titles, so that his monthly newsbooks, although really consecutive, do not wear the appearance of serial publications. Sometimes he called his issue Historische Relatio, sometimes Beschrcibung, sometimes Historische Erzdhlung. See Bleuter, " Statistique de la Presse Suisse," in Journal des Economistes, 1882, xviii. 134 ; Weller, Die ersten deutschen Zeitungen, Tiibingen, 1872 ; </. Lagai, in Pierer, ubi sup.; and Hubbard, ii. 1897-1913, 2458-9, and 2588 (supplement). Greece. The few newspapers that made their sudden appearance Greece, in Greece during the war of liberation departed as hastily when King Otho brought with him a press-law, one of the provisos of which demanded caution-money by actual deposit. The journal Saviour was established, in 1834, as a Government organ, and was soon followed by Athena as the journal of the opposition. Ten years later 7 distinctively political papers had been established, along with 13 journals of miscellaneous nature. In 1877 there were, of all sorts, 81 journals, of which 77 appeared in Greek, 2 in Greek and French, 2 in French only ; 37 of these were printed in Athens, 17 in the Ionian Islands. Of strictly political news papers there were 12 at Athens and 3 in the Islands. In 1882 the American consul reported 89 periodicals in all, of which 52 were published at Athens. See Lagai, in Pierer, ut sup.,715; Hubbard, ut sup., ii. 1779-1781, and 2458-9. 4 Lagai (article " Zeitungen," in Pierer s Universal Lexicon, 1878) cites a Gac,e- ta de Madrid of 1626, but gives no evidence whatever. 5 A contemporary communication to Gent. Mag., Ixxxiv. part 2, 176. 6 The present El Diario Espanol is a paper of more recent date.
