OBSERVATORY 713 Cygni was first determined, &c., published in the first 21 volumes of the Beobachtunycn auf der lc. Stcrnwarte zu Konigsberg. The instruments are a meridian circle by Reichenbach and Ertel, of 4-inches aperture (mounted 1819), another of the same dimensions by Repsold (1841), a 6-inch heliometer by Utzschneider (1829), &c. Lcipsic, university observatory lat. + 51 20 20" - 5, long. O h 49 m 30 s 2 E. Erected 1787-90 on the "Pleissenburg" ; possessed only small instruments, the largest being a 4|-inch refractor by Fraunhofer (1830) with which from 1848 D Arrest observed minor planets, comets, and nebulae. In 1861 a new observatory was erected under the direction of Bruhns, lat. + 51 20 6" 3, long. O h 49 m 34 S- E., with a refractor of 8^-inches aperture by Steinheil and a meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6 3-inclies aperture mounted. The former is used for observing double stars, nebulte, and comets, the latter for observing stars between + 5 and +15 decl. In 1881 Dr Engelmann mounted an 8 -inch equatorial re fractor by Clark and Repsold in a small private observatory close to the university observatory. Lilienthal, near Bremen, lat. + 53 8 25", long. O h 36 m 1 s E. J. H. Schrb ter s private observatory ; from 1779 to 1813. Con tained a number of reflectors by Herschel and Schrader, the largest being of 27-feet focal length and 20-inches aperture (movable round the eye -piece), used for physical observations, chiefly of planets. Destroyed during the war in 1813 ; the instruments (which had been bought by the Government in 1800) were, for the greater part, yent to the Gottingen observatory. Mannheim, lat. + 49 29 10" 9, long. O h 33 m 50 S 5 E. Built in 1772 ; except C. Mayer s observations of distant companions to bright stars, very few observations were published until the observa tory was restored in 1860, when a 6-inch refractor by Steinheil was procured, with which Schonfeld determined the positions of 500 nebula 1 . In 1879 the observatory was moved to Karlsruhe. Munich, at Bogenhausen, royal observatory, lat. + 48 8 45" 5, long. O h 46 m 26 s -1 E. Founded in 1809 ; a meridian circle by Reichenbach was mounted in 1824, an 11-inch equatorial refractor by Fraunhofer in 1835. The former was used from 1840 for zone observations (about 80,000) of telescopic stars, the resulting 34,000 places of which were published in six catalogues ; the latter was for some years used by Lament for observing satellites and nebulre. Afterwards Lament chiefly devoted his attention to terrestrial magnetism. Potsdam, lat. + 52 22 56", long. O h 52 m 17 s E. " Astrophysical observatory," founded in 1874, devoted to spectroscopic, photo graphic, and other physical observations. An equatorial refractor by Schroder of 11^-inches aperture, another by Grubb of 8-inches aperture, spectroscopes, photometers, &c. Results are published in 4to volumes. Spires, observatory of the lyceum, lat. + 49 18 56", long. O h 33 m 45 s 5 E., established in 1827. With a meridian circle by Ertel, Schwerd observed in 1827-29 the positions of circum polar stars. Discontinued many years ago. Strasburg, university observatory, lat. + 48 34 59" - 7, long. O h 31 m 4 S 7 E. Finished in 1881 (observations made in a temporary observatory from 1872) ; an 18-inch equatorial refractor by Merz ; altazimuth of 54-inches aperture, meridian circle of 6J-inches aper ture, and a 6^-inch orbit sweeper, all by Repsold. Wilhclmshafcii (Prussia), naval observatory, lat. + 53 31 52" - 2, long.0 h 32 m 35 S> 2 E. ; situated on the Jahde to the north of Olden burg. Founded in 1874 ; meridian circle by Repsold of 4^-inches aperture, and meteorological, magnetical, and tide -registering instalments. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Vienna, imperial and roy^l observatory, lat. + 48 12 35" 5, long. l h 5 m 31 s 7 E. On the university building an observatory was founded in 1756. Owing to the unsuitable locality and the want of instruments, very few observations of value were taken until the observatory was rebuilt in 1826, when some better instruments were procured, especially a meridian circle of 4-inches aperture, and a 6-inch refractor by Fraunhofer (mounted in 1832), used for observations of planets and comets. The Annalen commenced to appear in 1821 ; besides observations made at Vienna, they have contained Piazzi s original observations and Oeltzen s catalogue of stars between + 45 and + 80 decl. from Argelander s observa tions. From 1874 to 1879 a large and magnificent building (with four domes, the central one being 45 feet in diameter) was erected at Wanting, north-west of the city, lat. + 48 13 55" 4, long. l h 5 m 21 s 5 E. In addition to the old instruments , two equatorial refractors were erected, one by Clark of llf -inches aperture, another by Grubb of 27-inches aperture (mounted 1882). Vienna (Josephstadt), private observatory of Th. von Oppolzer, lat. + 48 12 53" 8, long. I* 5 m 25 S< 3 E. Established in 1865 ; 5-inch refractor by Merz, 4-inch meridian circle. Prague, university observatory, lat. + 50 5 18" 8, long. O h 57 m 41 S 4 E. Founded in 1751 at the Collegium Clementinum, on a high tower. Very few astronomical observations have been taken here ; at present only magnetic and meteorologicrA work is attended to, as a 6-inch refractor by Steinheil and a 4-inch meridian circle cannot be mounted for want of a proper locality. Scnftenbcrg (in the east of Bohemia), lat. + 50 5 55", long. l h 5 m 51 s E. Baron von Senftenberg s observatory ; established in 1844. Observations of comets and planets made with small instruments till the owner s death (1858). Olmiitz, lat. + 49 35 40", long. 1^ 9 m s E. Herr von Unkrechts- berg s observatory; 5 -inch refractor by Merz. Julius Schmidt observed planets and comets from 1852 to 1858. Krcmsmunstcr (Upper Austria), lat. + 48 3 23"-8, long. Oh 56 m 32 S 2 E. Founded in 1748 at the gymnasium of the Bene dictines. 3-inch meridian circle (mounted in 1827), used for observ ing minor planets ; 5^ -inch refractor (mounted in 1856), used for comets and minor planets. Pola (sea-coast, Austria), naval observatory, lat. + 44 51 49", long. O h 55 m 23 s 5 E. Founded in 1871 ; meridian circle of 6-inches aperture by Simms, 6-inch refractor by Steinheil, mag netic and meteorological instruments. Twenty-eight minor planets were discovered here from 1874 to 1880 by J. Palisa. Cracow, university observatory, lat. + 50 3 50" 0, long. l h 19 m 51 S- 1 E. Possesses only small instruments. Budapest (Ofen), royal observatory. Founded 1777 ; a new build ing was erected in 1813, and new instruments (a 6-inch refractor by Fraunhofer and a meridian circle by Reichenbach) provided, with which comets and planets were observed. Nothing has been heard of this observatory for the last fifty years. O Gyalla (near Komorn, Hungary), lat. +47 52 43" - 4, long, lh 12 45 s 6 E. Nicolas de Konkoly s observatory. Established in 1871, rebuilt and enlarged in 1876, devoted to spectroscopy and physical astronomy generally ; there is a large workshop attached. A 10-inch silvered glass reflector by Browning was in use up to 1881, when it was disposed of and a 10-inch equatorial refractor (O.G. by Merz) mounted in its place; also a 6-inch refractor by Merz, and many spectroscopes and minor instruments. Results are published in 4to volumes. Kalocza (south of Budapest), lat. + 46 31 , long. l h 15 m E. Observatory of the Jesuit college, founded in 1878 by Cardinal Haynald ; 7 -inch refractor by Merz. Hcreny (Vas, Hungary), lat. + 47 16 37", long. l h 6 m 24 s 7 E. E. and A. von Gothard s observatory. Founded in 1881 ; 10-inch reflector by Browning. SWITZERLAND. Zurich, lat. +47 22 40" 0, long. O h 34 m 12 S 6 E. An observa tory existed since 1759 ; handed over to the Polytechnic School in 1855 ; new building erected in 1863. A 6-inch refractor by Merz and Kern, two transit instruments, &c! Sun-spots are regularly observed, but the institution is chiefly devoted to educational purposes. Neuchatcl, lat. + 46 59 51" 0, long. O h 27 m 50 S 2 E. Erected in 1858 ; meridian circle of 4|-inches aperture by Ertel. Geneva, lat. + 46 11 58" 8, long. O h 24 m 36 S 8 E. Founded in 1773 ; a new building erected in 1830. The observatory has been the centre of the important geodetic operations carried on in Switzer land since 1861. A 10-inch refractor (O.G. by Merz) was presented by the director Plantamour in 1880. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Madrid, royal observatory, lat. + 40 24 29" 7, long. OM4 m 45 s 4 V. Observations are made of comets, sun-spots, &c., with an equatorial by Merz. Cadiz, naval observatory, at San Fernando, lat. + 36 27 41 - 5, long. O h 24 m 49 3 6 W. Founded in 1797. Lisbon, royal observatory, lat. + 38 42 31" 3, long. O h 36 m 44 S 7 AY. A large refractor was mounted in 1863. Coimbra, university observatory, lat. + 40 12 25" 8, long. O h 33 m 34 S> 5 W. Founded 1792. An astronomical ephemeris has been published from 1804. ITALY. Turin, university observatory, lat. + 45 4 6", long. O h 30 m 48 s 4 E. Founded in 1790 by the Academy of Science ; rebuilt in 1820 on a tower of the Palazzo Madama, where a meridian circle by Reichen bach of 4-inches aperture was mounted ; handed over to the uni versity in 1865. Milan, originally observatory of Brera College, now royal observatory of Brera, lat. + 45 27 59" 2, long. 0^ 36 46"1 E. Founded in 1763. The publication of an annual ephemeris from 1775 to 1875 and important theoretical works absorbed most of the time of the directors Oriani and Carlini, and the instruments were rather insufficient. In 1875 an 8 -inch refractor by Merz was mounted, with which Schiaparelli has made valuable observations of Mars. An 18-inch refractor has been ordered from Merz. Padua, university observatory, lat. + 45 24 2" 5, long. Oh 47m 29^-0 E. Founded in 1761. In 1837 a meridian circle by Starke of 4-inches aperture was mounted, with which stars from Bessel s zones were re-observed ; the results were published m five XVII oo
