720 O C H O C O of Bishop Ponet, a splendid specimen of nervous English. The conception is highly dramatic; the form is that of a series of dialogues. Lucifer, enraged at the spread of Christ s kingdom, convokes the fiends in council, and re solves to set up the pope as Antichrist. The state, repre sented by the emperor Phocas, is persuaded to connive at the pope s assumption of spiritual authority ; the other churches are intimidated into acquiescence ; Lucifer s pro jects seem fully accomplished, when Heaven raises up Henry VIII. and his son for their overthrow. The conception bears a remarkable resemblance to that of Paradise Lost ; and it is nearly certain that Milton, whose sympathies with the Italian Reformation were so strong, must have been acquainted with it. Several of Ochino s Prediche were also translated into English by a lady, Anna Cook, after wards wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon; and he published numerous controversial treatises on the Continent. In 1553 the accession of Mary drove him from England. He became pastor of the Italian congregation at Zurich, com posed principally of refugees from Locarno, and continued to write books which, repeating the history of his early works, gave increasing evidence of his alienation from the strict orthodoxy around him. The most important of these was the Labyrinth, a discussion of the freedom of the will, covertly assailing the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination. In 1563 the long-gathering storm of obloquy burst upon the occasion of the publication of his Thirty Dialogues, in one of which his adversaries maintained that he had justi fied polygamy under colour of a pretended refutation. His dialogues on divorce and the Trinity were also obnoxious. No explanation was allowed. Ochino was banished from Zurich, and, after being refused a shelter by other Protestant cities, directed his steps towards Poland, at that time the most tolerant state in Europe. He had not resided there long when an edict appeared banishing all foreign dis sidents. Flying from the country, he encountered the plague at Pinczoff ; three of his four children were carried off; and he himself, worn out by misfortune, expired in solitude and obscurity at Schlakau in Moravia, about the end of 1564. His reputation among Protestants Avas at the time so bad that he was charged with the author ship of the treatise De tribus Impostoribus, as well as with having carried his alleged approval of polygamy into practice. It was reserved for his recent biographer Dr Benrath to justify him, and to represent him as a fervent evangelist and at the same time as a speculative thinker with a passion for free inquiry, always learning and unlearning and arguing out difficult questions with himself in his dialogues, frequently without attaining to any absolute conviction. The general tendency of his mind, neverthe less, was counter to tradition, and he is remarkable as resuming in his individual history all the phases of Pro testant theology from Luther to Socinus. He is especially interesting to Englishmen for his residence in England, and the probable influence of more than one of his writings upon Milton. All attainable information respecting Ochino is collected in Dr Benrath s excellent German biography, translated into English by Miss Helen Zimmern, with a preface by the Rev. W. Arthur, London, 1876. . (R. G.) OCHRE. See PIGMENTS. OCKLEY, SIMON (1678-1720), Orientalist, was born at Exeter in 1678. He was educated at Queens College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1697, M.A. in 1701, and B.D. in 1710 ; he became fellow of Jesus College and vicar of Swavesey, and in 1711 was chosen Arabic pro fessor of the university. He had a large family, and his latter days were embittered by pecuniary embarrassments, which form the subject of a chapter in D Israeli s Calamities of Authors. The preface to the second volume of his History of the Saracens is dated from Cambridge castle, where he lay a prisoner for debt. He died in the year 1720. His chief work is The History of the Saracens, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1708-18, which long enjoyed a great reputa tion ; unfortunately Ockley took as his main authority a MS. in the Bodleian of Pseudo-Wakidi s Futah al-Shdm, which is rather historical romance than history. O CLERY, MICHAEL (born c. 1575). See CELTIC LITER ATURE, vol. v. p. 307. O CONNELL,DANiEL(l775-1847), born on 6th August, 1775, near Cahirciveen, a small town in Kerry, Ireland, was sprung from a race the heads of which had been Celtic chiefs, had lost their lands in the wars of Ireland, and had felt the full weight of the harsh penal code which long held the Catholic Irish down. His ancestors in the 18th century had sent recruits to the famous brigade of Irish exiles in the service of France, and those who remained at home either lived as tenants on the possessions of which they had once been lords, or gradually made money by smug gling, a very general calling in that wild region. Thus he inherited from his earliest years, with certain traditions of birth and high station, a strong dislike of British rule in Ireland and of the dominant owners of the soil, a firm attachment to his proscribed faith, and habitual skill in evading the law ; and these influences may be traced in his subsequent career. O Connell learned the rudiments at a school in Cork, one of the first which the state in those evil days allowed to be opened for Catholic teach ing ; and a few years afterwards he became a student, as was customary with Irish youths of his class, in the colleges of St Omer and Douai. His great abilities, it is said, were there perceived by the principals, and their peculiar training undoubtedly left a permanent mark on his mind and nature, for the casuistry and the diction of the Romish priesthood distinctly appear in his speeches and writings, and he had much of the ecclesiastic in his manners and bearing. These years, too, in France had, in another way, a decided effect in forming his judgment on political questions of high moment. He was an eye-witness on more than one occasion of the folly and excesses of the French Revolution ; and these scenes not only increased his love for his church, but strongly impressed him with that dread of anarchy, of popular movements ending in blood shed, and of communistic and socialistic views which characterized him in after life. To these experiences, too, we may partly ascribe the reverence for law, for the rights of property, and for the monarchical form of government which he appears to have sincerely felt ; and, demagogue as he became in a certain sense, they gave his mind a deep Conservative tinge. In 1798 he was called to the bar of Ireland, and though, as professing a still degraded creed, he was shut out from the chance of promotion, though he could not even obtain a silk gown, and though, what was of more importance, he was subjected in a variety of ways to caste hostility, he rose before long to the very highest eminence among contemporary lawyers and advocates. This position was in the main due to a dexterity in con ducting causes, and especially in examining witnesses, in which he had no rival at the Irish bar, and here his pro found sagacity, observant cunning, and intuitive knowledge of the native character enabled him to accomplish wonders, even at the present day not wholly forgotten. He was, however, a thorough lawyer besides, inferior in scientific learning to two or three of his most conspicuous rivals, but well read in every department of law, and especially a master in all that relates to criminal and constitutional jurisprudence. As an advocate, too, he stood in the very highest rank ; in mere oratory he was surpassed by Plun- ket, and in rhetorical gifts by Bushe, the only speakers to be named with him in his best days at the Irish bar ; but his style, if not of the most perfect kind, and often
