O R M R M 1770 he was chosen a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He died at Ealing 13th January 1801. The History is characterized by great clearness and accuracy ; but, while the minute enumeration of unimportant details lends vivid ness to certain portions of his narrative, it produces on the whole a feeling of tediousness, and tends to dull the leading episodes. In 1782 Orme also published Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire from the year 1659, and in 1805 this was reprinted and published along with two other treatises, The Origin of the English Establishment and A General Idea of the Government and People of Hindostan, and preceded by a short Life of the author. He be queathed several hundred volumes of manuscript collections, and a number of scarce tracts on Oriental subjects, to the library of the East India Company. ORMONDE, JAMES BUTLER, TWELFTH EARL AND FIRST DUKE OF (1610-1688), was born at London on or about 19th October 1610. He was grandson of Walter, earl of Ormonde, and eldest son of Thomas, Viscount Thurles, and Elizabeth Poyntz. 1 His father having been drowned (15th December 1619) during the lifetime of Earl Walter, he became heir to the title and estates. By some legal artifice the boy was made a royal ward, and James I. at once removed him from his Catholic tutor and placed him in the household of Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, with whom he stayed until 1626, after which he resided with his grandfather. In 1629, by his marriage with his cousin Elizabeth, the daughter of the earl of Desmond, he put an end to the long-standing quarrel between the families. In 1630 he accompanied the old earl to Carrick, and in 1632 succeeded him in the earldom. He was already noted, as had been many of his race, for his fine presence and great bodily vigour. His active career began with the arrival of Strafford in 1633. In all ways he was forward in assisting the deputy, but showed such independence and masterfulness of character, along with considerable capacity, that Strafford was for a while doubtful whether to crush or to favour him. Reflecting that Ormonde was one of the richest and probably the most influential of the Irish nobility, he decided to secure his interest ; and Ormonde was throughout his government his chief friend and support. Such was the confidence felt in him that in April 1640, when Strafford was with Charles, he was made commander-in-chief of the forces. In August he was appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom by Strafford, who, upon the death of Wandesford in Decem ber, urged Charles to make him deputy. His loyalty to his chief was shown by the vehemence with which he defended him against the attacks of the Irish House of Commons. Upon Strafford s death, and, it is said, at his request, Ormonde was offered the vacant Garter, but refused it for reasons characteristic of the man (Carte). On the arrival of the news of the rebellion in 1641 he received another commission as lieutenant-general from Charles him self, and, though much hampered by the lords justices, he did admirable service in the expedition to the Naas, and in the march into the Pale in 1642, after the rebellion had drawn in the Roman Catholic gentry of English descent. In both of these expeditions the ferocious traditions of Irish warfare were but too faithfully followed. So highly were his ser vices regarded that he was publicly complimented by the English Parliament, who, along with their letter of thanks, 1 His pedigree extends back to Henry II. s expedition to Ireland, when Theobald Walter received, in addition to large estates, the here ditary butlership of Ireland, and the prisage of wines, which formed an important part of the vast wealth which the family always possessed. The title of Ormonde appears to have been granted to James the "noble earl," who by the female side was a great-grandson of Edward I. This title, at the request of Henry VIII., the 8th earl resigned to Sir Thomas Boleyn, receiving that of Ossory instead, and regaining that of Ormonde at Boleyn s death. The 9th earl, having borne a chief part in the suppression of the Geraldine rebellion, received a grant of the defeated chieftain s lauds, and, in recognition of his further efforts when Henry threw off his allegiance to the pope, the title of Viscount Thurles was given him. sent him a jewel of the value of .620. On loth April 1642 he gained the battle of Kilrush against Lord Mount- garret, and on 18th March in the following year that of Ross against Preston. In September 1643, the civil war in England having meanwhile broken out, the opposition between Ormonde, who always stood much upon his dig nity, and the lords justices became more open and acute. Ormonde, seeing that the large army of Scots in Ulster was both unable to cope with the rebels and was ill-disposed to the king, and that the rebels had been successful at many points, concluded on 15th September the "cessation" with the latter, having power from Charles to treat with the recusants. He had previously, on 16th September 1642, been made a marquis by the king, and had been offered the lord-lieutenantship. This, however, he declined ; but his command was made independent of Leiceste~i % . Ormonde now threw himself unreservedly into Charles s cause, and at his command sent a body of troops into England, having first exacted an oath of loyalty from the officers (see MONK); it, however, was shortly afterwards routed by Fairfax at the raising of the siege of Nantwich. On the arrival of the news of the " cessation " Charles, anxious to be quit of the Irish problem, which was complicated by the refusal of the Ulster Scots to concur in the "cessation," and desirous at the same time to see the country in safe hands, again offered Ormonde the supreme post, which he now accepted, receiving his commission in January 1644, with special instructions to do all in his power to keep the Scotch army occupied. In all the complications of Scots, Old Irish, Catholic Irish of English race, and Protestants, and in face of the intrigues of the Pope s nuncio as well as of the attempts of the Parliament s commissioners to Ulster to ruin his power, he showed firmness and ability, and especi ally did his utmost to assist Antrim in his expedition into Scotland. He kept his post until the ground was cut from beneath him by Glamorgan s treaty with the Catholics in 1646, and until it was clear that he could not long hope to hold Dublin against the Irish rebels. He thereupon applied to the English Parliament, gave Dublin into their hands upon terms which protected the interests of both Protestants and Roman Catholics so far as they had not actually entered into rebellion, and sailed for England at the beginning of August 1647. He attended Charles during August and October at Hampton Court, and, after the king s escape to the Isle of Wight, appears to have been his agent in the preliminary negotiation regarding the " engagement " with the Scots. Having good reason to fear that the Parliament intended to secure his person, he hurriedly left England and joined the queen and prince of Wales at Paris in March 1648, where he was of great service in dealing with the agents of the revolted Irish. In September of the same year, the pope s nuncio having been expelled, and affairs otherwise looking favourable, he returned to Ireland to endeavour to unite all parties for the king. He concluded a peace with the rebels on the basis of the free exercise of their religion, proclaimed Charles II., and upheld the royal cause with great vigour though with slight success. He was meanwhile urgent Avith Charles that he should come in person, but was out witted and overborne by the Scots and their friends at the king s court. Cromwell having become irresistible, and Charles, under the influence of Argyll, having annulled the peace just concluded, Ormonde returned to France in 1650. He had meanwhile, in September 1649, received the Garter from Charles II. Ormonde now, though in great straits for want of money, resided in constant attendance upon Charles and the queen- mother at Paris, and accompanied the former when, on his dismissal from France, he went to Aix and Cologne. He appears to have incurred the queen s enmity by frus-
